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Tudors - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Spain: He negotiated the Treaty of Medina del Campo in 1489, which included a marriage agreement between his son, Arthur, and Catherine of Aragon, the daughter of the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. This marriage alliance aimed to strengthen England's ties with Spain and create a powerful anti-French coalition.
      - France: Henry negotiated several treaties with France, including the Treaty of Etaples in 1492, which ended the hostilities between the two countries and secured a substantial payment from France to England. While Henry generally maintained a cautious stance towards France, he occasionally formed alliances with French enemies, such as Spain, to counterbalance French influence.
      - Scotland: Henry negotiated various treaties with Scotland, including the Treaty of Perpetual Peace in 1502, which aimed to secure peace and a marriage alliance between his son, Arthur, and the Scottish princess Margaret Tudor. This marriage ultimately laid the groundwork for the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when James VI of Scotland ascended to the English throne as James I.
    - - Elizabeth of York: Their marriage in 1486 symbolically united the warring houses of Lancaster and York, establishing the Tudor dynasty. Elizabeth's claim to the throne strengthened Henry's own somewhat tenuous claim and provided him with greater legitimacy as king.
      - Author prince of Wales and Catherine of Aragon: In 1489, Henry negotiated the Treaty of Medina del Campo with Spain, which included a marriage agreement between his eldest son, Arthur, and Catherine of Aragon, the daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. This marriage alliance aimed to strengthen England's ties with Spain and create a powerful anti-French coalition. Arthur and Catherine were married in 1501
      - Margaret Tudor and James IV of Scotland: Following the death of Arthur, Henry VII pursued another marriage alliance with Scotland. In 1503, his daughter Margaret Tudor married James IV of Scotland. This marriage helped to secure peace between England and Scotland and laid the groundwork for the eventual union of the crowns under their great-grandson, James VI of Scotland (later James I of England).
- - - - Pilgrimage of Grace 1536 : The rebellion was triggered by opposition to the king's religious policies, including the dissolution of the monasteries, as well as economic grievances and concerns about enclosures and taxation
      - Western Rebellion 1549 : This rebellion was sparked by opposition to the English Reformation under Henry VIII's son, Edward VI, particularly the introduction of the Book of Common Prayer and Protestant religious reforms. The rebellion, centered in Cornwall and Devon, was fueled by economic grievances, social unrest, and resentment towards the Protestant clergy.
    - - Enclosure Riots: Enclosure riots erupted in various parts of England, particularly in the Midlands and East Anglia, as peasants protested against landowners' encroachment on common lands and the loss of their customary rights. These riots were symptomatic of broader economic tensions and inequalities in rural society.
      - taxation and economic grievances: Forced loans, benevolences, and other forms of taxation imposed significant financial burdens on the population, leading to protests and unrest.
- - - - papal authority : 1554, she repealed the laws that had established the Church of England and restored Catholicism as the official religion of England. She sought recognition from the Pope and implemented policies to suppress Protestantism and persecute Protestant dissenters.
      - relations with catholic powers: Mary sought to strengthen England's alliances with other Catholic powers in Europe, particularly Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. She viewed these alliances as crucial for securing England's position within the Catholic world and for supporting her efforts to combat Protestantism and enforce religious conformity at home.
      - war with France: In 1557, England joined the war against France as an ally of Spain. The conflict, known as the "Italian War of 1551–1559," was fought primarily in Italy and saw English forces participating in several campaigns. However, the war was costly and ultimately unsuccessful for England.
      - counter reformation policies: She supported the Inquisition in Spain and the Netherlands, and she sought to implement similar measures in England to root out heresy and enforce religious conformity.
      - marriage alliance with Spain: In 1554, she married Philip II of Spain, the son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in an attempt to strengthen England's ties with Spain and the Habsburg Empire. However, the marriage was deeply unpopular in England and did not produce the desired political or diplomatic benefits.
    - - economic disruption: The restoration of Catholicism and the reestablishment of papal authority undermined the economic gains made under Protestant rule, particularly in the realm of land ownership and commerce. The return of monastic lands to Catholic ownership and the revival of Catholic institutions further disrupted traditional economic relationships and landholding patterns.
      - agricultural changes: including the consolidation of landholdings and the expansion of commercial agriculture. However, the religious turmoil and social unrest that accompanied the restoration of Catholicism may have contributed to rural depopulation and economic uncertainty in some areas. Enclosure, the fencing off of common lands for private use, also continued to be a source of social discontent and economic change during this period.
      - impact on society: The reintroduction of Catholicism led to divisions and conflicts within communities and families, as individuals and communities were forced to conform to the queen's religious policies or face persecution. Protestant dissenters faced imprisonment, exile, and execution, leading to social tensions and unrest.
      - urban decline: While England's towns and cities had experienced growth and prosperity during the Protestant Reformation, Mary I's reign saw a reversal of this trend. The reintroduction of Catholicism and the persecution of Protestant dissenters may have led to a decline in urban growth and commercial activity, as some merchants and traders fled the country or faced persecution for their religious beliefs.
      - Religious reformation: One of the most significant changes during Mary I's reign was the reversal of the Protestant Reformation initiated by her father, Henry VIII, and continued by her brother, Edward VI. Mary was a devout Catholic and sought to restore Roman Catholicism as the official religion of England. She repealed Protestant laws, restored papal authority, and reintroduced Catholic practices such as the Latin Mass and clerical celibacy.
    - - Wyatt's Rebellion 1554: This uprising was led by Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger and aimed to prevent Mary's marriage to Philip II of Spain. The rebels opposed the marriage on religious and nationalist grounds, fearing that it would lead to increased Spanish influence in England and the restoration of Catholicism.
      - Ket's Rebellion 1549: It was led by Robert Kett, a landowner from Norfolk, and was fueled by grievances over enclosures, land rights, and economic inequality. The rebels occupied the city of Norwich and established a makeshift government, demanding social and economic reforms.
  - - - domestic policies Seymour's government issued injunctions and proclamations aimed at reforming the Church, suppressing Catholic practices, and promoting Protestant worship.
      - economic policies He introduced legislation to regulate wages and prices, improve agricultural productivity, and alleviate the effects of enclosures on rural communities. However, Seymour's economic policies were not always successful, and his attempts to enforce wage regulations and suppress unrest often met with resistance.
      - rise to power :He initially served in various military and administrative roles under Henry VIII and was knighted for his military service. After Henry's death in 1547, Seymour became one of the most powerful figures in England, serving as Lord Protector and effectively governing the realm on behalf of the young king.
      - military campaigns He launched military campaigns in Scotland, known as the "Rough Wooing," aimed at securing an alliance with the Scottish crown and promoting Protestantism in Scotland. Seymour also attempted to assert English dominance in France through military intervention, but these campaigns proved costly and ultimately unsuccessful.
      - downfall and execution His aggressive foreign policy and authoritarian rule alienated many of his allies and supporters, leading to his downfall. In 1549, Seymour was arrested and eventually executed on charges of treason and conspiracy against the crown.
    - - He served in various positions of authority during the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI, including as Lord High Admiral of England and Lord High Admiral of Scotland. However, his political maneuvering and attempts to gain power ultimately led to his downfall.
    - - French conflict The Duke of Somerset, Edward's uncle and Lord Protector, launched military campaigns in France, aiming to assert English dominance and gain territorial concessions. However, these campaigns were costly and ultimately unsuccessful, leading to a drain on England's resources.
      - diplomatic relations The young king's advisors negotiated treaties and alliances with various European powers, seeking to advance England's interests and protect against external threats.
      - war with Scotland Edward VI's reign was marked by conflict with Scotland, particularly over control of the border region known as the "Rough Wooing." The English sought to marry Edward to the young Scottish queen, Mary, Queen of Scots, in order to unite the two kingdoms under Protestant rule. However, the Scots resisted these efforts, leading to a series of military campaigns and skirmishes along the border.
      - legacy of the reformation The establishment of Protestantism as the official religion of England under Edward paved the way for closer ties with Protestant states and strained relations with Catholic powers such as France and Spain.
      - protestant alliances Edward VI's government was strongly Protestant, and his advisors pursued alliances with Protestant powers on the continent, such as the German states and Protestant princes. These alliances were aimed at securing support for the Protestant cause and countering the influence of Catholic France and Spain.
    - - Economic dislocation: The dissolution of the monasteries and the redistribution of their wealth and property by Henry VIII had already disrupted traditional economic relationships and landholding patterns. Edward VI's government further accelerated this process by confiscating remaining Catholic assets and selling them off to fund the crown and reward loyal supporters.
      - Enclosure and agrarian changes: The government's policies favored the interests of landowners and encouraged the consolidation of landholdings, leading to the displacement of peasants and the expansion of commercial agriculture. Enclosure contributed to rural depopulation, poverty, and social unrest, as displaced peasants sought new sources of livelihood and resisted the loss of their customary rights.
      - Impact on society: The suppression of Catholic practices and the promotion of Protestant beliefs led to divisions and conflicts within communities, families, and even the clergy. Traditional religious customs and practices were replaced by new forms of worship and religious expression, contributing to social tensions and unrest.
      - Urban Growth and commercial development: The government's policies favored the interests of landowners and encouraged the consolidation of landholdings, leading to the displacement of peasants and the expansion of commercial agriculture. Enclosure contributed to rural depopulation, poverty, and social unrest, as displaced peasants sought new sources of livelihood and resisted the loss of their customary rights.
      - Religious reform: This included the introduction of the Book of Common Prayer in 1549, which replaced the Latin Mass with an English-language liturgy, and the dissolution of remaining Catholic practices and institutions. :