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Amanda Gil Period 3 Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
Amanda Gil Period 3 Reproductive System
Anatomy of Female Reproductive Structures
ovaries: produce oocytes and female sex hormones, is a solid, ovoid structure in the later wall of the pelvic cavity
primordial follicles: millions form cell groups in the ovarian cortex during prenatal development, each primary oocyte is surrounded by follicular cells, primary oocytes begin meiosis in early fetal development and pause until puberty
uterine tubules: site of fertilization, conveys developing embryo to uterus, tubes are lined with cilia that beat in unison to draw the egg into the uterine tubes, include infundibulum and fimbrae
Uterus: protects and sustains the embryo during pregnancy, uterine wall has 3 layers: endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
Vagina: conveys uterus to the outside, receives penis in sexual intercourse, provides a passageway for the offspring in birth, covered by hymen, wall has 3 layers
Vulva: structures surrounding the openings of the urethra and vagina
labia majora: enclose/protects other external Reproductive organs, meets to form the mons pubis
labia minora: form margins of vestibule, protects the openings of vagina and urethra, flattened, longitudinal folds between labia majora, forms hood around clitoris
clitoris: small projection on vulva between the labia minora that produces a feeling of pleasure in sexual stimulation
vestibule: contains vaginal and urethral openings, space enclosed by labia minora into which the vagina and urethra open
vestibular glands: secret fluid that moistens/lubricates the vestibule, lie on sides of vaginal openings
Major Functions
develop and maintain organs for offspring production
Gonads: testes and ovaries
Gonads produce gametes: sex cells and hormones
Male sex cells: sperm
Female sex cells: oocytes
Males deliver the sperm to the female- houses and nourishes the developing embryo and fetus
Males: testes: produce sperm and hormones
Females: produce/maintain sex cells, provide environment for fetus, transport cells to cite of fertilization, deliver, feed, nurture offspring, produce female sex hormones
Hormones
androgens:produce changes in puberty-pubic, axillary hair and a low androgen level broadens the hips,
testosterone: stimulates development of Male reproductive organs, male secondary characteristics-deep voice, muscular/skeletal growth
FSH: Follicle stimulating hormone, secretions increase and enlarge ovaries, stimulate maturation of a follicle in an ovary
LH: luteinizing hormone, stimulates cells to produce testosterone precursors that can change into estrogen in an ovary, burst of LH triggers ovulation
estrogen: responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics- breast development, sex organ enlargement, increase in fat, and increased vascularization of skin
progesterone: triggers uterine changes in the menstrual cycle
Anatomy of Male Reproductive Structures
Testes: produce sperm cells, contains lobules that contain seminiferous tubules that contain spermatogenic cells that give rise to sperm cells
epididymis: site of sperm maturation, promotes cell maturation, stores sperm cells, connected to testes to the vas deferens
ductus deferens: conveys sperm cells to ejaculatory duct, United seminal vesicles duct and empties into ejaculatory duct
prostate gland: secrete fluid with citrate that is a nutrient for sperm, chestnut shaped, surrounding urethra at the base of the urinary bladder
seminal vesicle: secrete alkaline fluid to help regulate the pH of semen, contains fructose that nourishes the sperm
bulbourethral glands: secrete fluid to lubricate penis, small glands located inferior to prostate glands
semen: reproductive fluid that passes through the urethra to the outside of the body, contains sperm cells, secretion of seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands
scrotum: houses testes and penis, protects and helps regulate temperature of testes, posterior to penis
penis: conveys urine and semen to the outside, contains specialized erectile tissue that stiffens for intercourse, covered by loose fold in skin, includes ejaculation, orgasm, and erection
Disorders
Syphilis
treatment: antibiotics
symptoms: sores, rash, swollen lymph nodes
transmission: direct contact with syphilis sore, pregnant mom can give to baby
can cause serious health problems if not treated
Genital herpes
treatment: antibiotics
transmission: anal, vaginal, oral sex
symptoms: blisters around genitals, flu like symptoms
std caused by the herpes simplex viruses type 1 or type 2
chlamydia
treatment: antibiotics
symptoms: rectal pain, burning sensation while urinating
transmission: vaginal, anal, oral sex, pregnant mom can give to baby
common std that affects women and men and can cause serious damage to a women's reproductive system
gonorrhea
treatment: antibiotics
transmission: vaginal, anal, oral sex, pregnant women can give to baby
symptoms: most women are asymptomatic, discharge, soreness
affects both men and women and can cause infection in genitals, rectum and throat
hepatitis
treatment: antiviral medication
symptoms: chronic infection, liver disease, cirrhosis
transmission: sexual intercourse, contact with bodily fluids
an infection caused by a virus that attacks the liver and leads to inflammation
trichomoniasis
treatment: antibiotics
symptoms: mostly asymptomatic, discomfort with urination
transmission: parasite passed person to person through sex
common std caused by an infection with a protozoan parasite called trichomonas vaginalis
aids/hiv
treatment: no cure, can be controlled with injections or pills
transmission: anal, vaginal, oral sex & sharing needles
symtpoms: headache, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, fever
prevention: don't share needles
human immunodeficiency virus that weakens the immune system by destroying cells that fight the disease/infection
HPV/genital warts
treatment: prescription meds, no cure, removal of warts
transmission: vaginal, anal, oral sex
symptoms: genital warts, can be asymptomatic
prevention: vaccination
most common sti that includes many different types
PID
transmission: have an std and not get treated, multiple partners, use an iud
symptoms: pain in lower abdomen, fever, pain or bleeding in sex
treatment: antibiotics, wont undo damage
pelvic, inflammatory, disease is an infection of a woman's reproductive organs
almost all disorders can be prevented with abstinence, long term monogamous partner, or using a latex condom
Methods and Classification of Contraceptives
voluntary regulation of the number of offsprings produced
coitus interruptus: withdrawal of penis before ejaculation, not very effective as some sperm can reach vagina before ejaculation
rhythm method: abstinence near time of ovulation, not effective-hard to know when
mechanical barriers: prevent sperm from entering the vagina - condoms, diaphgram, cervical cap
chemical barriers: have spermicides- cream, foam , jellies and are more effective if used with a condom
combined hormone contraceptive: have estrogen and progestins to prevent pregnancy, disrupt Hormonal patterns of Female cycle and prevent maturation+ovulation
injectable contraceptives: injection of progesterone derivative that prevents follicle maturation and ovulation for 3 months
contraceptive implants: implant of rod with progesterone under skin of arm can prevent follicle maturation for 3 years
intrauterine devices(IUD): implanted in uterus and is toxic to sperm/egg cells or prevent implantation of embryo by inhibiting growth of endometrium
sterilization: permanently preventing pregnancy surgically
Vasectomy: removal of small portion of vas deferens that prevents sperm from entering semen
tubal ligation: cut uterine tubes prevents sperm from reaching egg
Events of the Female Hormonal Cycles
Follicle development
in puberty FSH secretions from anterior pituitary increase and enlarge ovaries
in early follicle maturation, follicle enlarges, follecular cells proliferate and antrum forms
cell grows to 10mm and primary oocyte is surrounded by zona pellucide + layers of follicle cells
takes about 300 days
every month, 20ish primary follicles start maturation but only 1 dominant follicle matures= mature follicle
typically only 1 mature follicle is ready for ovulation every 28 days
Ovulation
pre ovulation: primary oocyte in mature antral follicle finishes meiosis l and produces a secondary oocyte= 1st polar body
process of releasing 2ndary oocyte and polar body from the mature antral follicle and surface of ovary
oocyte is propelled to fallopian tubes
burst of LH from anterior pituitary triggers ovulation
if oocyte isn't fertilized in hours it will degenerate
day 14 of cycle
Proliferative phase: Layers of uterus form a new endometrium layer
menstrual phase
monthly changes in uterine lining that leads to menstrual flow as endometrium is shed
GnRH secretions cause secretions of FSH and LH
FSH stimulates maturation of follicle in ovary
estrogen increases to thicken endometrium as a follicle matures
days 1 to 5 about
uterine lining disintegrates and sloughs off- menstrual flow
concentrations of estrogen and progesterone lower and cause blood vessel of endometrium to constrict
luteal phase: egg travels from ovary to fallopian tubes