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Neurodevelopmental Disorders - Coggle Diagram
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Intellectual Disabilities
Diagnostic Criteria:
Deficits in intellectual functioning, adaptive deficits in daily life. 2 standard deviations below the mean.
Etiology:
Genetic factors, prenatal exposure, chromosomal, genetic causes (80-85%) Down's syndrome, perinatal complications (5-10%) asphyxia, Postnatal factors (5-10%).
Top Comorbidities:
ADHD, mood disorders.
ADHD
Diagnostic Criteria:
Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity.
(at least 6 months)
,
Onset before 12 years of age.
present in at least 2 settings & interferes with social, academic, occupational functioning. (6 symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity (or at least 5 symptoms for age 17 & older)
Top Comorbidities:
Oppositional defiant disorder, conduct Disorder, Anxiety, Depressive.
In childhood: Males 2ice than Femals. In Adulthood: Male to females is 1.6:1.
Brain abnormalities:
Caudate nucleus, Putamen, Nucleus accumbent, Amygdala, and hippocampus are smaller.
Abnormalities in dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin.
76% of cases are genetic
. Low Birth weight, Premature birth, Maternal smoking or alcohol use during pregnancy.
Treatment:
Behavioral Intervention for preschool. Therapy and medication for Elementary, Medication for Adolescents.
Medication:
Methylphenidate
Autism
Description:
Persistent deficits in social communication and interactions.
Etiology: Genetic factors, environmental influences.
Top Comorbidities:
ADHD, anxiety disorders.
Males 4 times more than Females
Abnormalities in the Cerebellum, Amygdala, Lower than normal level of serotonin.
, Birth before 26 weeks.
Treatment:
Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention. (40 hours a week). Methylphenidate, SSRI for depression and anxiety. Atypical antipsychotics to reduce irritability and aggressive, self-injurious.
Most Autism have Intellectual Disability, but not true in opposite way.
Prognosis for this disorder
is best when the person has an IQ over 70, functional language skills by age five, and an absence of comorbid mental health problems.
Motor Disorder
Description:
Impairments in coordination and motor skills.
Top Comorbidities:
ADHD, anxiety disorders.
Tic Disorders
: Nonrhythmic motor movement (eye blinking, facial grimacing, shoulder shrugging, echopraxia) or vocalization (Throat clearing, Barking, Echolalia).
Diagnostic Criteria:
Motor or vocal tics, persistent for
at least 1 year.
Tourte's:
1 vocal and multiple motor tics.
Onset:
before 18 years.
Dopamine overactivity.
Treatment
: Antipsychotic drug (haloperidol), Comprehensive behavioral intervention. BIT
Comorbid
: OCD (Mehylphenidate), ADHD (Clonidine)
Provisional tic:
1 or more motor and vocal, at least 1 year, began before age 18.
Onset:
between 4-6,
severity of tics
: 10-12
Communication Disorders
Diagnostic Criteria:
Persistent difficulties in communication, speech, or language.
Top Comorbidities:
Intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder.
Onset:
Between 2 & 7 years of age
(stuttering
)
Treatment:
competing response training, Regulated breathing.
Specific Learning Disorders
Diagnostic Criteria:
Persistent difficulties in reading, writing, or math skills.
Atlease 6 months.
Top Comorbidities:
ADHD, mood disorders.
5-15%
school age children have a specific learning disability & (80% of them have reading disorder) Dyslexia.