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Hazards - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 0-30 degrees N
      - Warm and dry
      - Tropical tropopause
      - Equator is low pressure
    - - 30-60 degrees N
      - Cold and wet
      - Mid-latitude tropopause
      - Place between Ferrel and Hadley is high pressure
    - - 60+N
      - Cold and dry
      - Polar tropopause
      - Seperated from Ferrel by polar front which is low pressure
      - North Pole is high pressure
  - - - Area of intense low pressure fromed by rising hot air causing very high wind speeds
      - Warm air cools and condenses into rain
      - Jet streams spiral the air around the eye
    - - Can move at up to 65mph
      - 75+mph wind speeds (hitting 200)
      - Up to 250mm of rain a day
      - Seas need to be hotter 26.5℃ because they heat air above them which means it rises quickly
      - Seas needs to be 60-70m deep
      - Low wind shear - Constant wind speed means it can form, high wind spear and storm is blown apart
      - East to West in Northern hemisphere
      - West to East in Southern hemisphere
      - As they hit land, drive away from equator
      - Coriolis effect bends and spins the warm rising air
      - Swirl anti-clockwise Norhtern hemisphere
      - Swirl clockwise Southern hemisphere
      - Interporical convergence zone (ITCZ) is area between tropics
    - - Air is heated above the surface of warm oceans. Warm air rises rapidly under low-pressure conditions
      - Rising ir draws up more air and large volumes of moisture from the ocean, causing strong winds
      - Coriolis effect causes the air to spin upwards around a calm central eye of the storm
      - As air rises, it cools and condenses to form large, towering cumulonimbus clouds which generate torrential rainfall. The heat given off when air cools and power the tropical
      - Cold air sinks in the eye so it's drier and calmer
      - Tropical storm travales across ocean in the prevailing wind
      - When tropical storm meets land, it is no longer by source of moisture and heat from the ocean so it loses power and weakens
    - - Absolute humidity - Measure of water vapour, regardless of temp
      - Relative humidity - Measure amount of water vapour relative to remp, percentage of total amount that could be in air relative to temp
  - - - 7th-11th Nov 2013
      - 6,300 deaths
      - Hit Philippines primarily and the rest of SE Asia
      - Category 5 - 314 km/hr
    - - 7.5m strom surge
      - Tacloban city - 90% of buildings were destroyed
      - 4.1 million homeless
      - 14.1 million affected
      - Airport in Tacloban became unusable
      - Roads, bridges, electricity, communications were down
      - 29,000 injured
      - Total damage was $12 billion
      - 1.1 million tonnes of crops destroyed
    - - Looting, only 100 police showed up, 8 people died in looting
      - Some aid workers had to be pulled for safety because of looting
      - Hospitals had to be shut for sfaety because of safety concerns
      - Education disrupted
      - Oil tanker ran aground and caused 800,000 litre spill
      - Rice prices rose by nearly 12% by 2014
      - Flooding caused landslides
    - - DEC & NGOs launched emergency appeals
      - Destroyed infrastructure meant only 20% were getting aid by mid Nov
      - Martial law introduced to prevent looting
      - 5 days after it hit, residents still had m water or shelter
      - $788 million in UN fundraising
      - Foreign nations donated $500 million
      - Damages exceed $8 billion
      - 800,000 people evacuated
      - 1,200 evacuation centres set up
      - 3 days after strom, airport reopened for aid
    - - Oxfam replaced fishing boats
      - Cash for work program to clear debris and rebuilding Tacloban
      - $1.5b promised, 1/3 came through on the ground, damage was $8 billion
  - - - Satellites
        
        Watches cloud pattern associated with tropical storms
        
        Monitor rainfall eveyr 3 hours in the ITCZ to indeity high altitude clouds
      - Aircraft
        
        Specially equipped aircraft fly through stroms at 10,000 feet
        
        Collect air pressure, rainfall and wind speed
        
        Drop dropsondes (sensors) which send measurements back every second by radio
        
        Nasa monitor using two unmanned aircraft called Global Hawk drones over Atlantic, on board radar and microwaves
    - - 1992-3 days warning, storm could be predicted +/- 480km
      - Now - 5 days warning +/- 400km
      - National Hurricane Centre (USA) predicts a tropical storm's path and intensity using a track cone
      - 2013 - Cyclone Phailin in India, 1.2 million were evacuated, 21 died, 23 died in flash floods
      - 1999 - Similar storm, 10,000 death
    - - Tendencies to mitigate over prevent
      - Hard engineering
        
        Install hurricane staps (galvanised metal) between roof and walls
        
        Storm shutter
        
        Emergency generator
        
        Tie down windborne objects
        
        Reinforce garage doors
        
        Remove potentially dangerous trees
        
        Sea walls
      - Soft Engineering
        
        Salt marches, wetlands and mangroves can protect again storm surges
        
        Trees reduce wind energy and trap debris (can be uprooted)
    - - Preparing disaster supply kits
      - having fuel in vehicles
      - Knowing evacuation centres are
      - Storing loose objects
      - Coordinate with family
- - - - Destructure plate boundary between Pacific and Okhotsk plate
      - Shallow (30km)
      - Japan most powerful earthquake on record
      - 9.1 magnitude
      - Lasted over 3 minutes
      - Coast is flat, lowlying and soft soil (which amplifies shockaves)
      - 18,500 died
    - - Foreshocks (which gave evacuation warnings)
      - Worst affected places were Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima
      - Tokyo was not bad due to protection
      - 27,000 buildings destroyed & 1 million damaged across NE Japan
      - 4.4 million households in NE Japan were left without electricity
      - 1.5 million households without running water
      - 1100 sections of track damaged
      - 20,000 dead
    - - 1800 houses destroyed when Fujinuma Dam failed
      - Triggered tsunami 38m high and travelled 10km in land
      - 56 bridges and railways washed away
      - Damages were $300 billion, most expensive natural disaster ever
      - Nuclear power plant in Fukushima
        
        7 reactors in meltdown
        
        Radiation was 8x normal levels
        
        Costs electricity
    - - 116 countries and 28 international organisations responded
      - Mass graves to stop disease spreading
      - AT&T (telecommunications company) maintained wireless telephone networks free of charge
      - 14,000 evacuated 20km around Fukushima
    - - 55 nuclear reactors taken offline
      - 23 trillion yen set aside for reconstruction ($152b)
      - Costal protection
      - By Nov, 96% of electricity supply had been restored, 98% of water supply, 99% of landline network
  - - - 7.0 magnitude
      - Epicentre was 25km W of capital
      - 13km deep focus
      - Conservative plate between Caribbean and North American
      - Caused by a slip
    - - 230,000 died
      - 300,000 injured
      - 1 million made homless
      - 250,000 houses collapsed/unusable
      - 30,000 commercial buildings collapsed/unusable
    - - 2 million left without water and food
      - Crime increased with looting
      - Outbeaks of chlorea
    - - Port was damaged so slow aid
      - USA sent resuce teams and 10,000 troops
      - Bottle water and purification were provided
      - 235,000 people were moved away from capital
    - - Haiti relied on overseas aid
      - 1 million people still lived in temporary shelters after a year
      - Port neeed rebuilding
      - 2021 Earthquake
        
        Long term responses worked
        
        7.2 magbnitude in 2021 in same region
        
        Only 2,500 died that time round
        
        2m tidal wave
        
        Suggests long term planning, response and education were effective
  - - - Mon 9th Dec 2019 14:00
      - Composite volcno on NZ east coast
      - Destructive plate boundary with Pacific Plate moving below Aussie plate
      - Water-filled crater lake which cerates explosions when water and magma hit
      - Uninhabited island, privately owned, tour operators bring tourists
      - Water is trapped in pores and rocks - external influence like gas from volcano releases pressurre
      - Phreatic eruption
        
        Release of ash and steam
        
        Volcanic gases causing explosion
        
        3km of ash and smoke upwards
    - - 47 people on island at time of eruption
      - 18 killed
      - 26 seriously injured
      - 27/31 injured had burns on 30% of their body
    - - Economic due to lack of tourism
    - - 23 people rescued from island
      - 7 helicopters
      - Tour operators rescued people 15 minutes (approx) after eruption
      - 26 nautical mile no fly zone
      - 6 NZ soldiers wearing breath equipment and fire-retardant suits recovered 6 of the bodies 4 days later
      - NZ ordered mass amounts of skin from USA for transplants
- - - - Polar jet stream bringing warmer air was blocked
      - Led to an area of high pressure over Scandiavia and Arctic
      - Low pressure over Atlantic
      - Wind blpws from high to low and hnce over UK
      - Freezing temp brought to UK and Europe
    - - Most of the UK was covered by snow
      - Ranging from 10-20cm in thesouth to 50cm in the north
      - Snow was dry and light so drifted in high winds
      - Below freezing almsot everywhere and -14 in Cairngorms
      - Strom Emma combined coming from the south, with rain and flooding
    - - At least 10 deaths
      - 8000 road accidents occured over first 3 days
      - Glasgow airport close and flights delayed or cancelled
      - Many roads were blocked and traffic was standstill
      - Sheep farming in highland was badly affected (lambing season)
      - Food was scarce and crops ruined, farmers couldn't get ot livestock to feed them
      - Drove up food prices (feed for animals)
      - Hospitals badly affected with staff and patients unable to get there
      - Temporary shelters set up for rough sleepers
      - Schools shut
      - Electricity down and people couldn't be reached to fix
      - Electricity meant industries and services couldn't be performed
    - - RAF was brought in to help relief efforts
      - 10 RAF vehicles and crews transported doctors and stranded patients
      - M62 -Military provided support rescuing vehicles
      - Edinburgh - Soldiers deployed to transport 200 clinical staff to and from Western General Hospital and Ediburgh Royal Infirmary