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IMMUNE SYSTEM, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - phagocyte adheres to pathogen or debris
        
        phagocyte engulfs the particles, forming a phagosome
        
        phagosome fuses with the lysosome, forming a phagolysosome
        
        lysosomal enzymes digest the particles
        
        exocytosis releases the particles
    - - leukocytosis: neutrophils enter the blood from bone marrow
        
        margination: neutrophils cling to capillary wall
        
        diapedesis: neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries
        
        chemotaxis: neutrophils follow chemical trail
- - - - primary encounter: b cell encounters antigen
        
        clonal selection and proliferation: b cell engulfs antigen and receptor and produces an army of cells
        
        differentiation: formation of antibody-creating plasma cells and memory cells
        
        secondary response: same antigen results in more rapid and efficient response
        
        occurs after subsequent exposure; memory cells develop into plasma cells; occurs within hours
        
        occurs after first exposure; has 3-6 day lag
      - antibodies: immunoglobulins; produced by plasma cells; y-shaped; 2 heavy chains & 2 light chains; connected by disulfide bonds; variable region is different on each antibody; constant region is the same on each antibody
        
        inactivates by:
        
        neutralization: blocks sites; masks dangerous parts of bacterial exotoxins; viruses
        
        agglutination: bind to multiple antigens; cell-bound antigens
        
        enhances phagocytosis
        
        precipitation: clumps soluble antigens
        
        fixes and activates:
        
        complement activation:
        
        enhances inflammation
        
        leads to cell lysis
    - - cd8 cells: responds to MHC class I; becomes cytotoxic t cells
        
        cytotoxic t cell: Tc cell; binds antigen on antigen MHC I protein; releases perforin and granzyme; releases and goes to kill another cell
        
        perforin: forms hole in cell membrane
        
        granzyme: enters cells and triggers cell death
      - cd4 cells: responds to MHC class II; becomes helper and regulatory cells
        
        helper T cell: Th cell; mobilizes both humoral and cellular immunity; signal b cells to produce antibodies; signal to cd8 to develop into destructive cytotoxic t cells
        
        regulatory T cell: T reg; weaken the immune response; prevents autoimmune disease
- - - - oropharynx: palatine tonsil & isthmus of the fauces
        
        tonsils: invites infection to help strengthen immune system
      - nasopharynx: pharyngeal tonsil & opening of pharyngotympanic tube
      - laryngopharynx
    - - epiglottis: covers glottis; prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract
      - vestibular fold: "false vocal cord"; help close off larynx to prevent air from escaping from lower respiratory tract
        
        glottis: opening in larynx that allows for air flow
      - vocal fold: "true vocal cord"; produces voice