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Forensic - Coggle Diagram
Forensic
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cognitive explanation
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hostile attribution bias refers to the extent to which an individual interprets the actions of others as Hostile.
cognitive distortions : patterns of negative or exaggerated thought which can reinforce maladaptive behaviour - a persons perception of events might be wrong, but they think its accurate
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crime: is any act in violation of the law which results in punishment by the state after conviction by a court- it is an act that is harmful to an individual group or society as a whole
victim survey: involves asking a sample of people to identify both reported and unreported crimes that have been committed against them (face to fcae survey)
offender surveys: collect information from offenders in order to develop an understanding of their behaviours and attitudes.(helps identify risk factors)
official statistics: the office of national statistics collect a wide range of quantitative data (holds data about crimes via surveys done by victims)
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The bottom up approach : profilers gather information which can give clues about the offender such as how far they might have traveled to commit their crimes
forensic awareness: individuals who have been subject to police interrogation before can indicate how aware they might be of covering their tracks
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Interpersonal coherence - the way that an offender behaves at the scene will reflect their behaviour in everyday life (like humiliating their victims may be a bully)
Investigative psychology: is a type of bottom up profiling that matches details from the crime scene with statistical analysis of typical offender behaviour patters based on psychological theory
Geographical profiling: based on the Principe of spatial consistency - an offender operational base and possible future offences are relevant by the geographical locations of their previous crime
spatial consistency: someone's habits of working particularly in the context of business or criminal investigations
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crime mapping: use information about the location of linked crime scenes to make inferences about likely home (assumes location of crimes is not random)
differential association theory - suggests it would be possible to mathematically predict how likely it is that an individual will commit offences
learning techniques learning techniques for committing offences through observation and imitation e.g. watching how to hot wire a car
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Top down approach:
- concluded data could be categorised into Organised or Disorganised crimes / murders
- evidence from the crime scene and other details of the crime victim or context are then used to fit into of the pre-existing categories
- Offender profiling - a behavioural and analytical tool intended to help investigators accurately predict and profile the characteristics of an unknown offender
Organised: - evidence of having planned crime in advance - victim deliberate - high degree of control - little evidence left behind - socially and sexually competent - often married with kids
Disorganised: - little evidence of planning - impulsive - little control - unskilled work or unemployment - sexual dysfunction and failed relationships - lives alone
behavioural modification: use behavioural principles to rehabilitate offenders through operant conditioning e.g. token economy: Tokens are rewarded to inmates after desirable behvaiour is produced
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