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research methods year 2 - Coggle Diagram
research methods year 2
features of science
a theory: a set of general laws or principles that have the ability to explain events of behaviours + theory construct: the process of developing an explanation for the causes of behaviour by systematically gathering evidence and the organising this into a theory
empirical method: scientific approaches that are based on gathering evidence through direct observation and experience
falsifiability: admitting falsification through the use of a theory hypothesis observation or experiment
replicability: : a study should produce the same results if repeated either by the same researcher or another
paradigm: a set of assumptions attitudes and concepts and values procedure and techniques that consistutes a generally accepted theoretical framework within or a general perspective of a dicipline
paradigm shift: the result of a scientific revolution when there is a significant change in the dominant unifying theory within a scientific disicpline
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Reliability:
test-retest; a method of assessing the reliability of a questionnaire or by test by assessing the same person on two different occasions - test produces the same answer
inter-rater reliability second observer, agree on categories, observe independently, tick or tally these behaviours, establish correlation - statistical test, 0.8 correlation = reliability
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Probability: is a measure of the likely hood that a particular event will occur, and Significance: indicated the association between two or more variables is strong enough for us to accept the alternative hypothesis
type 1 error when we accept the experimental hypothesis when the results were actually due to change
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The sign test:
the critical value:: when the statistical test has been calculated the researcher is left with a number = the calculated value
in order to see wether the result is significant this is compared to a set of data = critical value
method:
- identify wether the hypothesis is directional or non-directional
- calculate the sign by recording each piece of nominal data with a + or -, depending on wether the difference is positive or negative if there is no difference a 0 should be used
- calculate the value of sign (s) by adding up the total number of plusses and minuses and selecting the smaller total value
- calculate the total number of scores subtracting any 0 (N- how many participants gave a score)
- use the N score to find the critical value on the critical value table
- determine wether the value of S is significant - it must be qual to or less than the critical value at the 0.05 level
- draw conclusion
hypothesis, correlations and experiments:
correlations: look for a relationship between variables
Experiments: look for a difference between groups or conditions of a study
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