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Unit 4 A.C. 3.2- Describe the Contribution of Agencies to Achieving Social…

- - - - Gating can reduce the rewards of crime – difficult to climb over a gate with bigger items.
        
        Adheres to ‘broken window’ principles
        
        CPTED promotes a sense of ownership and belonging. This can give a greater sense of community & improve general well-being.
- - - - Not all offences include physical intrusion into a neighbourhood – e.g. white collar, cybercrime etc
        
        Even defensible places such as cul-de-sacs may not be defended if people are out all day.
        
        An area’s reputation and demographic make-up may be the cause of crime rather than poor design
- - - - panopticon inspired some modern day prisons but in 2006 Leyystad prison became a digital panopticon – every prisoner has an electronic tag – reducing number of staff required.
        
        Panopticon-inspired prisons not been- expensive to build +aren’t space effective. CCTVs and directional microphones mean outer design isn’t key. The ‘watchful eye effect’ ensures people to behave properly in-case, because they may be watched.
  - - - categorised +held in closed conditions/ open conditions, according to risks +needs; who is considered high risk =categorised as ‘restricted status’, meaning can only be held in closed prison- exceptional cases, women /young adults held in high security prison
      - Youth offenders
        
        Young Offender Institution (YOI)- house prisoners aged between 18 to 21;
        Youth Custody- house young people under age of 18, remanded/ sentenced to periods of detention by courts.
- - - - Probation service – supervises +monitors offenders in community. 2 minor breaches of community order act as a warning, but can refer back to court those individuals who fail to adhere to requirements/conditions set by authorities.
        
        Staged discipline: gentler way of achieving social control; first offence often dealt more leniently – e.g. loss of privileges for a few days (prisoners), a warning, police caution or conditional discharge; those under the probation service, 2 minor breaches of the community order act as a warning. Repeat offending is met with stronger sanctions.
    - - NO offending, threatening, hurting someone;
        NO preventing staff from doing their job;
        NO escaping;
        NO using drugs or alcohol;
        NO damaging the prison;
        NO possession of forbidden items e.g. knife;
        NO being somewhere in prison that you shouldn’t be;
        DO what staff tell you to do;
        
        a caution;
        Privileges (e.g. having a TV in your cell) taken away for up to 42 days;
        Prevented for working for up to 84 days OR earnings from working suspended;
        Cellular confinement (being restricted to the cell without socialising with other prisoners) for up to 35 days;
        Addition of up to 42 days extra added to the sentence if the offence is serious enough;
        Attempts to escape may require a move to a more secure prison with more restrictions;
        If on remand, privileges could be taken away;
- - - - Labelling theory suggests that a person labelled as criminal or deviant will fulfil the prophecy. For some, an ASBO became a ‘badge of honour’ reinforcing rather than reducing their offending behaviour and leading to repeat offending.
    - - different measures to address antisocial behaviour:
        Injunction – deal with low-level nuisance behaviour, punishable for up to 2years in prison for adults/ 3 month detention for under 18s if breached;
        CBO – deal with serious antisocial behaviour. CBOs last for 2years for adults and 1-2 years for under 18s. Breaching can result in a 5year imprisonment for adults or 2year detention for under 18s.
        
        Negative requirements – CBOs forbid a person from going to particular places, seeing certain people or engaging in some activities
        Positive requirements – CBOs require a person to do something to improve their behaviour, such as joining a drug treatment program.
- - - - Before Upskirting was made an offence in 2019, there was no law to deal with this particular crime;
        
        in UK, social media companies can't be prosecuted for material held on sites, even though it may promote hatred +terrorism- but in Germany social media companies are responsible for removing hate speech, fake news, illegal material- face fines of up to 50m euros. Australia has also taken steps to ensure companies take responsibility for their content.