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Contemporary Issues - Coggle Diagram
Contemporary Issues
Object Relations Theory
Shift away from Freud's emphasis on sexuality
Focus on social relationships and childhood origins
Reinterpretation of the Oedipal phase as forming social relationships
Assumptions: importance of external relationships, internalization of significant others
Core concept: internalized mental representations of significant others
Early Childhood Attachment
Importance of attachment between infant and primary caregiver
Harry Harlow's experiments with infant monkeys
John Bowlby's focus on attachment relationship with the mother
Mary Ainsworth's "strange situation procedure" for studying separation anxiety
Three patterns of infant attachment: securely attached, avoidantly attached, ambivalently attached
Implications of Attachment
Caregiver responsiveness influences infant attachment style
Working models of relationships developed in infancy
Influence of early attachment experiences on adult relationships
Longitudinal studies on attachment styles and emotional reactions to separation in adulthood
Application of Attachment Theory
Understanding emotional reactions and marital adjustments in adult relationships
Study of attachment styles in temporary marital disruptions
Influence of early attachment experiences on coping mechanisms in adulthood
Karen Horney and a Feminist Interpretation of Psychoanalysis
Challenged paternalistic notions in Freudian psychoanalysis
Reinterpreted Freud's ideas from a feminist perspective
Critique of Freud's notion of penis envy
Emphasis on social power as opposed to biological determinism
Cultural and Historical Determinants of Personality
Stress on cultural influences over biology
Highlighted the impact of culture on gender roles and outcomes
Coined the term "fear of success" to explain gender differences in response to achievement situations
Distinguished between gender and sex differences
Professional Challenges and Contributions
Faced disapproval from male-dominated psychoanalytic community
Founded the American Institute for Psychoanalysis
Emphasized social influences over biology in personality development
Contributions to reconceptualization of psychoanalysis
Adult Relationships
Attachment Styles in Adult Relationships
Secure relationship style: Trusting, satisfying friendships and relationships, bonds with others, trust in partners
Avoidant relationship style: Distrustful, difficulty in trusting others, fear of commitments and dependence, suspicion of motives
Ambivalent relationship style: Vulnerable, uncertain, overly dependent, high maintenance, need constant reassurance and attention
Correlation between Childhood Attachment and Adult Relationships
Positive correlation between parent-infant attachment style and later adult relationship style
Influence of childhood family dynamics on adult relationship patterns
Secure childhood attachment associated with trusting and supportive family environments
Continuity of Attachment Styles
Representations of earliest relationships serve as prototypes for later relationships
Attachment style stability from infancy to adulthood, moderate correlation between early attachment security and adult attachment security
Long-term influence of attachment experiences on adult relationship behaviors
Implications for Romantic Relationships
Different attachment styles influence romantic relationship expectations and coping mechanisms
Avoidant individuals shun romance, fear intimacy, and have difficulty with emotional commitments
Ambivalent individuals have frequent but short-lived relationships, fear loss of partners, and are highly dependent
Secure individuals are warm, supportive, and seek support in romantic relationships, navigate adult relationships successfully
Attachment Styles and Coping with Stress
Attachment styles influence support-seeking behaviors during stressful situations
Secure individuals seek support, avoidant individuals distance themselves, ambivalent individuals become distressed
Relationship between attachment style and coping strategies under intense and chronic stress
Broader Implications of Attachment Styles
Influence on satisfaction with work, family, social role, and handling of stressful life events
Avoidant/fearful attachment style related to difficulties in family and work life, and traits associated with abusiveness
Potential for overcoming negative childhood attachment experiences through positive adult relationships
Narcissism and Aggression
Narcissistic response to criticism and challenges
Risk of aggression when self-esteem is threatened
Research findings on narcissistic behavior in response to criticism
Correlation between narcissism and use of first-person pronouns
Emphasis on Self and Narcissism
Ego psychology's focus on the role of identity and self-esteem
Narcissism as an extreme form of self-focus and self-admiration
Narcissistic paradox: appearance of high self-esteem despite doubts about self-worth
Implications of narcissism for interpersonal relationships and behavior
Nietzsche's Concept of Eternal Return
Reflection on life satisfaction and the concept of integrity
Significance of living a life worth reliving
Connection to Erikson's last stage of development and achieving integrity.