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COMPONENT 3: ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOURS - PEER INFLUENCES - Coggle Diagram
COMPONENT 3: ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOURS - PEER INFLUENCES
EVALUATIONS
SUPPORTING
simons-marton and farhat: 39 showed a positive correlation between peers and smoking, showing a link between peers and engagement in addictive behaviour
REFUTING
kobus: peers may influence engaging in addictive behaviours and substances, larger social contexts like family and society are bigger influences. a household can have greater influences than peers.
SUPPORTING AND REFUTING
ennett and bauman: non-smokers who had smoker friends were more likely to become smokers at the follow up, but there was also evidence for individuals changing friend groups in line with their attitudes to smoking
neighbours et al: if peers drank, then inidivduals would as well regardless of whether they enjoyed it. however, this only shows initiation, and does not explain why long-term addiction happens, and why some may continue when their friends have stopped.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
behaviour is learnt through classical/ operant conditioning
classical: pleasant feeling is gained from taking a substance associated with a certain stimuli
operant: consequences of a behaviour could reinforce it
the slt, however, ignores the role of peers in initiation + maintenance of addiction
MAIN PROCESSES
attention: behaviour must be observed + paid attention to. role model must be observed, no observation = cannot be copied
reproduction: repeating, meaning an individual should have the physical ability to imitate
retention: remembering - including aspects/ steps. for a behaviour to be repeated, it must be retained first
motivation: an individual must be motivated to repeat a behaviour
BANDURA
the slt is based on the idea that we learn behaviour through our own experiences and through the observation of role models
social learning is done through observation, imitation and modelling of a role model
this theory takes into account thoughts + mental processes, meaning it also considers cognitive aspects
MORE ON MOTIVATION
we are more likely to imitate the behaviour of a role model if:
they are the same gender
if they are of similar age/ older
they are powerful/ high status
they are friendly/ likeable
we are also motivated by consequences, e.g. reward, punishment, either of which are likely to determine whether or not we imitate behaviour
this means we only observe reward/ punishment, but do not experience behaviours ourselves, otherwise known as vicarious
VICARIOUS LEARNING
vicarious punishment: stopping behaviour upon seeing another being punished for it
vicarious extinction: stopping behaviour after seeing another receive no reward for it
vicarious reinforcement: received indirectly by observing another person being rewarded
PERCEIVED NORMS
addiction may vary from culture to culture
some cultures see some things as normal, whereas in others they would be of concern
the acceptability of substance abuse/ addictions depends on the culture
in cultures, there are also subculture groups with their own social norms
some of these may encourage and increase chances of addiction
perception of said norms can also increase addiction
TYPES OF PERCEIVED NORMS
DESCRIPTIVE
individual's perception of how much others engage in addictive behaviours
INJUNCTIVE
what an individual perceives as others' approval of behaviour
descriptive/ injunctive norms often get overestimated in peer groups
perkins and berkowitz: higher proportion of students believed that being intoxicated was only acceptable in limited circumstances, and a higher proportion thought their peers thought it was acceptable
PEER PRESSURE IN ADDICTION
TYPES OF PEER PRESSURE
NEGATIVE
INDIRECT
subtle, hard to detect
relatively easier to resist
individuals try something to fit in
no explicit coercion, individual feels as if they'll be alienated if they don't follow the norm
DIRECT
many who come from drug rehab say negative peer pressure is one of the initial causes of addiction
pressure is usually toxic/ difficult to resist
someone is coerced into something against their moral values/ is harmful
research shows significant links between negative peer pressure + drug abuse
POSITIVE
NIDA
factors that can increase risk of drug addiction:
aggressive behaviour
little parental supervision
history of substance abuse
access to drugs
coming from a poor economic background