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UNIT 6: THE PLANT KINGDOM :sunflower:, 4. LIFE PROCESSES - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Supports the plant, can store substances and vascular tissues pass through it
    - - Fix the plant to the soil, absorb water and mineral salts, they can store substances
    - - They capture carbon dioxide, the photosynthesis occurs here
- - - - The seeds are formed inside organs called cones. They do not have true flowers or produce fruits.
      - They are shrubs or trees and most are perennial. Conifers are the most well-known group of gymnosperms.
    - - Cones are the reproductive structures of gymnosperms. There are male and female cones. These can be on different branches of the same plant or on different plant.
        
        FEMALE CONE
        
        It contains female gametes
        
        MALE CONE
        
        It contains pollen grains with male gametes
        
        The wind carries the pollen grains to the female cones. This process is called pollination.
        
        Fertilisation occurs in the female cone. After fertilisation, seeds called pine nuts develop inside the cones. When they reach maturity, the cone scales open and release the seeds.
        
        The seeds fall to the ground, in favourable conditions, they germinate and produce a new plant
  - - - The flower is the organ where both the male and female gametes of angiosperms are produced. The seeds are also formed in the flower.
      - PARTS
        
        PISTIL
        
        This produces ovules, that contain the females gametes
        
        STAMENS
        
        The stamens produce pollen grains, that contain the male gametes
        
        CHALICE
        
        Formed of a group of green leaves called sepals
        
        PEDUNCLE
        
        This joins the flower to the stem
        
        COROLLA
        
        Formed of petals.
    - - These are plants with true flowers
      - Their seeds are inside the fruits
    - - The pollen grains must reach the stigma of the pistil of another flower, or sometimes the same flower, this proecess is called pollination. When the pollen is in the stigma, it creates a tube. The male gametes travel down the tube to the ovule, where fertilisation occurs. The fertilised ovule produces a seed. The rest of the ovary becomes a fruit. In favourable conditions, the seed germinates and produces a new plant
    - - The fruit is formed from the ovary. Its function is to disperse the seeds so they can germinate far from the mother plant. Some fruits have hooks or sticky hairs, they travel in animal fur. Some fruits are fleshy, animals eat them. Some fruits have wings or filaments, they are carried by the wind. Some fruits, travel long distances by floating in the sea, like coconuts. Other fruits contain mechanisms to propel the seeds
- - - - They do not have vascular tissues
      - All their cells absorb water and mineral salts. They need a humid environment
      - They do not have true leaves, stems or roots
    - - The male gametes travel to the female gametes and fertilisation occurs, then, a peduncle forms. This ends in a capsule, where spores develop. Spores are special cells, in favourable conditions, they germinate and produce a new plant.
    - - CAULIDS
        
        These are false stems, they support the phyllids
      - PHYLLIDS
        
        These are false leaves. Photosynthesis occurs in them they do not have veins
      - RHIZOIDS
        
        These are false roots, they fix the plant to the surface
  - - - SORI
        
        They are on the back of each frond, they are structures that contain spores
      - RHYZOME
        
        Is an underground stem, it stores and transports nutrient
      - FRONDS
        
        These are leaves.
    - - Inside the sori there are organs called sporangia, which contain spores. In favourable conditions, the sporangia open and release the spores. The spores germinate and form a small heart-shaped structure. The male and female gametes develop inside this. The male gametes travel to the female gametes and the fertilisation occurs. After fertilisation, a small plant develops, creating a new fern
    - - They live in humid shady environments
      - Ferns have vascular tissues, leaves, stem and roots.
- - - - TRANSPORT OF ELABORATED SAP
        
        Elaborated sap is distributed to all the parts of the plant. It is transported along phloem vessels.
  - - - ABSORPTION
        
        Plants take in water and mineral salts through their absorbent hairs in their roots. The mixture of water and mineral salts is called raw sap.
        
        TRANSPORT OF RAW SAP
        
        Is transported along xylem vessels, from the roots to the leaves, the photosynthesis occurs in the leaves
- - - - GEOTROPISM
        
        The stimulus is gravity, the roots grow towards gravity and the stems grow away from it
      - HYDROTROPISM
        
        The stimulus is water, the roots grow in search of water or humid areas
      - PHOTOTROPISM
        
        The stimulus is light, the stem grow towards light and the roots grow away from it
      - THIGMOTROPISM
        
        The stimulus is physical contact, some plants wind their stems around an object
    - - SEISMONASTY
        
        This is a sudden response to a tactile stimulus
      - CHEMONASTY
        
        The stimulus is a chemical substance, such as water. When there is no water, plants close their stomata to prevent the loss of water vapour
      - PHOTONASTY
        
        The stimulus is light, some flowers open during the day, in sunlight, and close at night
      - THERMONASTY
        
        The stimulus is temperature. Some plants open their petals when the temperature rises and close them when it decreases
- - - - BULBS
        
        Underground stems inside fleshy leaves.
      - STOLONS
        
        Stems that grow parallel to the ground.
      - TUBERS
        
        Thick underground stems.
      - RHIZOMES
        
        Underground stems