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psychopathology, Jahoda- proposed 6 principles for an ideal mental health:…
psychopathology
depression and cognitive explanation - depression is a mental disorder characterised by low moods and low energy levels
Behavioural characteristics:
- aggression and self harm e.g. verbal aggression to others of physical harm to ones self
- disruption to sleep and eating e.g. insomnia - pre-mature waking or Hypersonic - oversleeping
- activity levels e.g. usually lowered energy level making them lethargic
Emotional characteristics: people with depression often describe themselves as feeling empty, usually having low self esteem and self loathing (anger sadness aggression)
Cognitive characteristics: people with depression tend to process information about the world differently e.g. black and white thinking, poor levels of concentration , find it hard to make decisions
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treatment:
Cognitive behavioural therapy: a method for treating mental disorders which aims to deal with thinking such as challenging negative thoughts
irrational thoughts: also known as dysfunctional thoughts (Ellis' model - thoughts that interfere with someones happiness)
OCD - bio explanation - OCD: characterised by either obsessions and or compulsions e.g. repetitive hand washing
biological explantation
brain structure
- Basal ganglia - is a cluster of neuron's at the base of the forebrain - head injuries can result in OCD
- Orbitofrontal cortex - converts sensory information into thoughts and actions - higher activity in OCD patients
Genetic + neurotransmitters :
polygeneic condition several genes are involved (230)
COMT gene associated with production of COMT which regulates dopamine, CODT gene results in higher dopamine commonly found in OCD patietnts
SERT gene (5-HTT) linked to serotonin - serotonin transportation Issues can lead to OCD and Depression
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characteristics
Emotional :
anxiety and distress, accompanying depression, guilt and disgust
cognitive:
obsessive thoughts, cognitive coping strategies, insight into excessive anxiety
behavioural -
compulsions are repetitive, reduce anxiety and avoidance
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Behaviourist approach: Phobias can be explained through classical conditioning:
- neutral stimulus is a stimulus that provides no sense of fear or anxiety
- the neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus are paired together
- an unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus which creates an unconditioned response to fear
- the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus becoming the conditioned stimulus
- this produces a conditioned response
other approaches: Evolutionary approach - some phobias (e.g. snakes and heights ) are not learned but in fact are innate as such phobias acted as a survival mechanism for our ancestors. this innate predisposition to certain phobias is called biological preparedness
Definitions of abnormality:
- statistical infrequency , statistically uncommon or not seen very often in society
- deviation from social norms, doesn't fit within what is socially acceptable
- deviation from ideal mental health, when someone doesn't meet the criteria for good mental health
- failure to function adequately, when someone is unable to cope with the ordinary demands of day to day living
cultural differences: social norms will vary between cultures and generations e.g. being gay is accepted in the majority of the western world but can still be illegal in other countries
phobias: these are characterised by excessive fear and anxiety, triggered by an object place or situation
Jahoda- proposed 6 principles for an ideal mental health:
- positive attitude towards the self
- self actualisation
- personal autonomy
- resistance to stress
- environmental mastery
- accurate perception of reality