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London - Coggle Diagram
London
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Urban Forms
Arrangement
Split into boroughs, all with their own centres E.g. Oxford Street in the centre of London and large shopping developments further out (Westfields in Stratford and Shepherd’s Bush in West London)
London was founded on the narrowest point of the river to put a bridge across, also easy access to rest of Europe
Houses developed in ribbon developments, once roads were full the spaces between the developments started to fill
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Varied centres
City of London - known colloquially as the Square Mile, major business and finance centre
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Camden - world famous Camden Markets attract 250000 visitors every week, sell all sorts. Also fashion and marketing agencies like ASOS
Canary Whaf - britains second largest financial centre many of europes tallest buildings located there, could be an edge city
The East End - Londons technology hub, silicon roundabout with Amazon, Facebook, EE, and google
Varied Characteristics
Little Venice, Canary Wharf and Brick Lane are all different parts of London with different built environments, land uses, population characteristics, locale and sense of place
Urban Change
Urbanisation
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Increase of 690,000 residents between 2001-10
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Deindustrialisation
Collapse of manufacturing began in 1950s due to protectionism, trade unions, high exchange rates and lack of competitiveness
In 1978 there were 6.7 million manufacturing workers, in 2017 there were 2.7 million
Physical Environment
Sewage
The Victorian ‘combined sewer systems’ were designed for 4 million people and London has 9 million people. The network is at 80% capacity in dry weather.
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Air pollution
Nitrogen dioxide levels breach EU legal limits. 8.3% of deaths in Kensington, Chelsea and Westminster are linked to air pollution
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Since 2019, the ULEZ has cut the number of older polluting vehicles on roads and contributed to 44% reduction in roadside nitrogen dioxide within it’s boundaries
500 London buses produce zero emissions at the tailpipe. A fully zero emission bus fleet will be achieved as soon as possible and no later than 2037.
Urban sprawl
In preparation for the 2012 Olympic Games east London was cleared up. 2.2 million square metres of soil was excavated to be treated by soil washing and chemical stabilisation.
London has the greatest proportion of dwellings built on previously developed land (98%). This preserves greenfield sites, historical landmarks and reduces sprawl.
Inequality
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Structural Unemployment
London has shed over 600,000 manufacturing jobs and shifted to a post-industrial city
Jobs are more high skilled meaning the manufacturing workers do not have the correct skill set and are unemployed
Increasing property markets means the original community has been pushed out leading to socioeconomic inequality