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Y1 Combined BIO/CHEM/PHY - Coggle Diagram
Y1 Combined BIO/CHEM/PHY
Cells
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Animal cell
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Specialised Animal Cells
Sperm cells
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Use their long tails (flagellum) to swim through body fluids to female egg sex cells after sexual intercourse and ejaculation
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Plant Cells
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Specialised Plant Cells
Root hair cells
Long, hairlike extensions
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Cells to Organisms
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Cells to Tissues
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Tissues
Animals
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Connective
Includes bone, fat, cartilage
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Muscle
Found in the limbs, walls of some organs
When it contracts, the body moves
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Tissues to Organs
When different tissues work together to do a particular job, they make up an organ
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Organs to Systems
When different organs work together to perform a certain function, they form a system.
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Systems to Organisms
Multicellular organism, different systems work together to make up the whole organism.
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Living things e.g. cat, dog
Unicellular organisms
Do not have any tissues, only 1 cell
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Movement of Substances
Diffusion
Net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until
dynamic equilibrium is reached (homogeneous)
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Osmosis
Net movement of water particles from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration) through a partially permeable membrane
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Plants
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The fluid inside vacuoles contains dissolved sugars and other solutes, so the cells absorb water through osmosis.
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Severely wilted plant
Plasmolyzed cells have lost so much water by osmosis that its cytoplasm separates from its cell wall.
If the plant is not watered, the plant will die.
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Active Transport
Living things' cells cannot use diffusion to obtain substances that are more concentrated inside the cell than outside the cell.
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Root hair cells
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Plants obtain minerals from the water in the soil, but sometimes the concentration of these minerals may be lower in the soil moisture than in the plant cells, and thus cannot be absorbed through diffusion, which is passive and does not need energy
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Movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy from cellular respiration
Surface Area and Volume
The ability of a cell/organism to exchange vital substances/heat with its surroundings depends on its surface area to volume ratio.
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Small animals such as mice have a larger surface area relative to their volume, so they lose heat quickly.
To make up for this, they eat high energy food and have dense fur to preserve warmth. (absorb nutrients quickly by diffusion)
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They lose heat slowly, so they don't need fur, and can survive on low energy food. (special adaptations to absorb nutrients)
Large ears increase the surface area of elephants' skin, so help elephants cool in hot weather.
Exchange and Transport
Large multicellular organisms like humans do not have sufficiently large surface area to volume ratio to absorb vital substances through their body surface by diffusion.
These organisms have special adaptations to increase the surface area of the parts of the body that absorbs substances, as well as transport systems that carry substances around the body.
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Biological Molecules
Nutrients
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Food tests
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Proteins
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Method
Add a few drops of Biuret’s solution (a mixture of sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate), (typically blue in colour) to the food solution.
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If the solution turns purple, it contains protein.
Lipids/Fats
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Method
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If a white emulsion appears, the solution contains lipids.
Besides water, cells are mainly composed of carbohydrates, lipids (solid fats and liquid oils), and proteins
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These compounds are also known as macromolecules because their molecules are made of lots of smaller units joined together.