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Y1 Biochemistry - Coggle Diagram
Y1 Biochemistry
Cells
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Plant Cells
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Specialised Plant Cells
Root hair cells
Long, hairlike extensions
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Cells to Organisms
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Cells to Tissues
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Tissues
Animals
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Connective
Includes bone, fat, cartilage
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Muscle
Found in the limbs, walls of some organs
When it contracts, the body moves
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Tissues to Organs
When different tissues work together to do a particular job, they make up an organ
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Organs to Systems
When different organs work together to perform a certain function, they form a system.
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Systems to Organisms
Multicellular organism, different systems work together to make up the whole organism.
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Living things e.g. cat, dog
Unicellular organisms
Do not have any tissues, only 1 cell
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Movement of Substances
Diffusion
Net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until
dynamic equilibrium is reached
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Osmosis
Net movement of water particles from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential through a partially permeable membrane
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Plants
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The fluid inside vacuoles contains dissolved sugars and other solutes, so the cells absorb water through osmosis.
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Severely wilted plant
Plasmolyzed cells have lost so much water by osmosis that its cytoplasm separates from its cell wall.
If the plant is not watered, the plant will die.
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Active Transport
Living things' cells cannot use diffusion to obtain substances that are more concentrated inside the cell than outside the cell.
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Movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy from cellular respiration
Surface Area and Volume
The ability of a cell/organism to exchange vital substances/heat with its surroundings depends on its surface area to volume ratio.
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Small animals such as mice have a larger surface area relative to their volume, so they lose heat quickly.
To make up for this, they eat high energy food and have dense fur to preserve warmth. (absorb nutrients quickly by diffusion)
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They lose heat slowly, so they don't need fur, and can survive on low energy food. (special adaptations to absorb nutrients)
Large ears increase the surface area of elephants' skin, so help elephants cool in hot weather.
Exchange and Transport
Large multicellular organisms like humans do not have sufficiently large surface area to volume ratio to absorb vital substances through their body surface by diffusion.
These organisms have special adaptations to increase the surface area of the parts of the body that absorbs substances, as well as transport systems that carry substances around the body.
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Biological Molecules
Nutrients
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Food tests
Starch
Iodine turns blue-black in the presence of starch, a complex carbohydrate.
Method
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If the solution turns blue-black, it contains starch.
If the solution does not change colour, it does not contain starch.
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Proteins
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Method
Add a few drops of Biuret’s solution (a mixture of sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate) to the food solution.
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If the solution turns purple, it contains protein.
Lipids/Fats
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Method
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If a white emulsion appears, the solution contains lipids.