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Conditioning and Learning, -Learning: it is not just the intellectual…
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-Learning: it is not just the intellectual practice we often imagine it to be. It can also be reflexive/responsive process that is constantly happening and can be happening even when were not aware of it. Our behavior is constantly being altered by our experience whether we know it or not and this too is a crucial form of learning
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-A form of learning that uses rewards and punishments to modify behavior. -Behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated. -Behavior that is punished is prone to happen less
-We make associations constantly, some more significant and impactful than others, and adjust our behavior accordingly, often without even realizing it for example the way a certain cologne or song reminds us of someone special or a particular event in our past or how certain artifacts or days of the year can evoke strong emotions or our reactions to effective advertising campaigns or political posturing
-Occurs when neutral stimuli are associated with psychologically significant events for example in previous stories: perfume/song/movie (neutral stimulus) was associated with the psychologically significant event of presence of a loved one! Or police car (neutral stimulus) associated with possibility of tickets!
-A phobia I have had ever since I was a child was acrophobia which is a fear of heights. I would have dreams that I was on a edge of a balcony and just fall or I would be falling for a long time. I also start to get queasy and my legs start shaking whenever I am on tall heights and looking down. I wonder how this fear manifested into me. Another phobia I have is a fear of public speaking. Its strange because when I was younger I dont think public speaking was a problem for me but it got worse when I got to high school. During high school I would fully go in fight or flight response. My heart would start beating really fast and I would feel light headed and I would have a shortness of breath. I think that just might be because that was during my developmental stages and I was going through puberty and irregular hormonal changes. Public speaking still makes me a little anxious but its not as bad anymore.
-I remember in high school I got a shrimp burrito from a Mexican restaurant for dinner and the next thing I know I woke up in sweats and had the worst stomach ache of all time. I realized I had food poisoning and I never felt more stomach pains ever before in my life. Ever since that day I have not eaten a single shrimp burrito. This is because I associated shrimp burritos to food poisoning which is apart of classical conditioning.
-Unconditional stimulus (US): neutral stimulus example: the smell of cookies
-Unconditional response (UR): Natural response example: feeling hungry at the smell of cookies
-Conditioned stimulus (CS): "paired" stimulus that is naturally unimportant to the organism example: sound of opening a can of tuna
-Conditioned Response (CR): learned response example: and the little monsters come running!
The cookies are unconditioned stimulus because without any training or teachinf this stimulus produces an unconditioned response- it naturally or instinctively makes you feel hungry! The opening of a can is a conditioned stimulus because it had no importance to the cat until it was paired with a stimulus that did have importance (food) - when kitty comes running to you for food at the sound of the can opening, thats her conditioned response!
Originally was conditioned stimulus (bell) rings but no response from dog then unconditioned stimulus (meat) presented and unconditioned response of salivating
After many trails the conditioned stimulus (bell) was rung and the dog smells meat and this leads to unconditioned response of salivating
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For example, imagine a dog that has been conditioned to salivate (CR) at the sound of a bell (CS) because the bell was repeatedly paired with the presentation of food (US). If the food is no longer presented when the bell rings, eventually the dog will stop salivating in response to the bell alone. This process of the dog no longer salivating in response to the bell is extinction
-I feel like it takes more time to extinguish prior associations because this process would take unlearning or weakening an existing learned response and it kinda goes hand in hand with the saying people dont change because its harder for a person to change old habits than it is to gain new habits.
-extinction takes significantly longer (breaking a habit is harder than forming it)
-There is psychological cost to breaking a habit
-Research shows that extinction may only inhibit rather than erase learned behavior
-Extinction makes me wonder is it possible for people to really change? Especially in relationships, if one has all this trauma and experiences wouldnt situations just constantly be triggering the same stimulus in us and would that not be the reason why couples get into the same arguments and fights because these patterns can become deeply ingrained and automatic
-Spontaneous recovery: If time is allowed to pass after extinction has occurred, and then the conditioned stimulus is presented, it can evoke a response again.(Dog example) Despite the apparent extinction of the CR, the response may spontaneously reappear after a delay, even if the CS is presented alone and without any further conditioning trials. This reemergence of the CR is known as spontaneous recovery. It suggests that extinction does not completely erase the original association between the CS and the CR but rather suppresses it temporarily.
-Associations I have tried to extinguish is negative body image. Throughout my whole life I had an image of what I thought my body was supposed to look like and that has caused me to be insecure and anxious about going to places like the beach. This can be because of social media and societal pressures. Anyways I am starting to love myself and my body and coming to the realization that those body images are not what I have to look like and if I did get there it would take a lot of time and effort. Another association I have tried to extinguish are unhealthy relationship habits like manipulation, codependency, and just anger issues.
-Occurs when a previous association prevents another association from being formed. The phenomenon of blocking occurs because the previously learned association between the original CS and the US interferes with the acquisition of the new association between CS2 and the US. Essentially, the organism has already learned that the original CS reliably predicts the occurrence of the US, so there is no "room" for the new information to be effectively learned.
Skinner Box; this is the best-known example of OC, whereby a rat learns to press a lever in a box in the laboratory when lever-pressing produces food pellets. The behavior is an “operant” because it operates on the environment; it is also “instrumental” for making the food occur.
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-Studying how consequences influence voluntary behavior – e.g., a parent tells a child that if they study for 3 hours, then they can get a cookie as a reward.
-Classical conditioning is about involuntary behavior – the dog just drools whenever it sees meat, there are no rewards/punishments associated here.
- Learned responses can occur under stimulus control and aspects of our environment often provide cues for how we may act therefore we will behave one way in the presence of such a cue (discriminative stimulus) and another way in the presence of a different cue. For example you behave differently in teachers presence than you do in the presence of your friends
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- Operant conditioning involves choice. You are choosing from a range of optional behaviors that are available to you for example when you choose to go our for a movie instead of studying for an exam
- Reinforcers are not made equal. Not all rewards will work on all the people obviously. We are each different and can value different reinforcers. For example not all students are motivated by actual desire to learn. Some are motivated by grades, others by seeking a job, and others just to get a degree
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- Attention is the observer focused on the task being learned?
- Retention: is the observer able to retain the information in memory?
- Initiation: Can the observer perform the learned task?
- Motivation: does the observer want to perform the learned task?