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Sociocultural Approach - Cultural Origins of behaviour or Cognition -…
Sociocultural Approach - Cultural Origins of behaviour or Cognition
Culture and its influence on behaviour and cognition
Cultural Value
The relative importance that an individual places on an item, idea, person, etc. that is part of their life
Culture
Made up of a set of attitudes, behaviours and symbols shared by a large group of people, and usually communicated from one generation to the next
Matsumoto (2004)
"
dynamic
system of rules,
explicit
and
implicit
, established by groups to ensure their survival, involving attitudes, values, beliefs, norms, and behaviours”.
Cultural norm
Unwritten but understood rules of a society or culture for the behaviors that are considered acceptable and expected.
Baby throwing
Living with dead relatives
flashbulb memory
The Cultural Iceberg
Deep culture -These cultural factors may lead to specific kinds of beliefs, attitudes and values of a group
Surface culture - What we easily see as different when we have contact with another group.
Notice food is different, men and women are separated at dinner
importance of personal space, respect for authority
Etic vs Emic approaches
Emic - research studies one culture alone to understand culture speciic behaviour
Research of Emic
researchers try to study the behaviour of a culture through the eyes of that culture
Phenomenon is linked to structure of the culture and the meaning it has in this particular culture context is emphasized
Focuses on norms, motives, values and customs of the culture as they try to understand themselves that is explained with their own eyes
Etic - research compares psychological phenomena across cultures to find out what could be universal in human behaviour
Purpose - compare/contrast phenomena across cultures to investigate whether the phenomena are culture specific or universal
Bartlett (1932)
Berry (1967)
Conformity
Cultural dimensions
Definition - Are another way to describe and explain culture. They refer to the values of members of a society living within a particular culture.
Dimensions are how values of a society affect behaviour
Me or We
Individualism
Personal is emphasised more than the social
Unique
Competitiveness and self-sufficiency - highly regarded
Individual autonomy and self-expression
Collectivism
More emphasis on achieving group harmony rather than individual achievement
Individual autonomy and self-expressions NOT ENCOURAGED
Self is defined by long-standing relationships and obligation
Social is emphasized more then the personal
Individualism vs. collectivism
the degree to which people are integrated into groups. Sometimes referred to as an “I” vs. a “we” orientation.
Chen et al (2005)
Decision making
Kulkofsky et al (2011)
Memory
Power distance index
measures power inequality between superiors and subordinates within a social system
Masculinity vs. Femininity
Masculine societies are defined by a focus on achievement, competition and wealth.
Feminine societies focus on cooperation, relationships and quality of life
Long-term vs. short-term orientation
the connection to the past and attitude toward the future.
Short-term orientation means that traditions are kept.
Long-term orientation has more of a focus on the future.
Indulgence vs. restraint
Indulgent cultures allow people to enjoy life and have fun
Indulgent cultures tend to believe that they are in control of their lives; restrained cultures are more fatalistic.
Restrained cultures have stricter control through strict social norms.
Power distance index
the extent to which a culture respects authority and status.
Hofstede (2001)
Ecological fallacy
factor analysis
“Culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy. Cultural differences are a nuisance at best and often a disaster.”
Kearins (1981)
memory
Mental health
Becker (2002)
Li-Repac (1980)
Bolton (2002)
Parker et al (2001)
