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pulmonary disorders - Coggle Diagram

- - - - dramatic drop in hemoglobin saturation at PO2 of 60 mm Hg or less, inadequate oxygen delivery
      - ideal PaO2 is 90 to 100 mm Hg
      - PO2 levels as low as 70 mm Hg have hemoglobin saturation of almost 90%
      - stimulates increased ventilation
      - stimulates increased erythropoietin (EPO), which is secreted by the kidneys and stimulates the bone marrow to synthesize RBCs
      - stimulates pulmonary vasoconstriction in areas of lungs with low oxygen; may lead to pulmonary hypertension, which may cause right-sided heart failure
  - - - PaCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg
      - elevated CO2 stimulates medulla and increased ventilation
      - central chemoreceptors become insensitive to CO2 levels
      - elevated CO2 no longer serves as primary stimulus for ventination
      - stimulus for breathing shifts to the chemoreceptors in carotids and aorta
      - low oxygen drives ventilation (hypoxic drive)
- - - - total lung capacity (TLC): amount of air in lungs after maximal inhalation
      - functional residual capacity (FRC): amount of air remaining in lungs after normal exhalation
      - residual volume (RV): amount of air in lungs after a complete exhalation
      - tidal volume (TV): normal breathing volumes in inhalation and exhalation