Urinary Tract Infections A urinary tract infection (UTI) starts when uropathogens or faecal flora colonise the urethral meatus or vaginal introitus and then move up to the bladder through the urethra. Additionally, it can ascend to the kidneys through the ureters, resulting in pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis can also occur due to bacterial colonisation of the kidneys through the lymphatic system.The bacterial infection is responsible for initiating the disease process, but the human response is what determines and characterises the severity of sepsis. (Porat et al., 2023) The host's immune response is activated when the proteins of the microbial pathogen engage with the proteins on the host's cell membrane. The intense pro-inflammatory reaction can result in cellular necrosis, an upsurge in neutrophil generation that generates chemicals that kill bacteria, and heightened permeability of endothelial cells that causes the formation of edoema. Following the initial phase, there is a subsequent anti-inflammatory reaction that results in immunosuppression within the body. This immunosuppression is characterised by the malfunction of neutrophils, which in turn leads to more harm to neighbouring cells. Additionally, the inflammatory response also impacts the coagulation, autonomic, and endocrine systems within the body (Porat et al., 2023).
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