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Cellular signaling - Coggle Diagram

- - - - inorganic materials to hormones, protein, neurontransmitter
      - Ligands molecules: free in the extracellular fluid
      - Types
        
        Extracellular: Large, hydrophylic
        
        Intracellular: small. hydrophobic
    - - Ligand-gated ion channels
        
        Important for the nervous system
        
        Nicotine acetylcholine receptor
        
        GAGA receptor
        
        Glycine receptor
        
        Glycine receptor
        
        glutamic receptor
        
        Nicotine acetylcholine receptor:
        
        A ligand gated ion channel found in the central and peripheral nervous system
        
        Endogenous ligand is acetylcholine (ach) other ligands: Nicotine ,alcohol and toxins
        
        Transmit outgoing signals from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic cells
      - G-protein-coupled receptors
      - Enxyme-linked receptors
      - Intracellular receptors
        
        Found in the cytosol or nucleus of target cells
        
        Can act as transcription factor (turning on specific genes)
  - - - 3 types
        
        Preformed signaling complẽ on a scaffold protein:
        
        signal molecule activate receptor
        
        receptor activate intracellular signaling protein (các protein gắn với scafold protein), tạo ra downstream signal
        
        Assembly of signaling complex on an activated receptor
        
        Các protein tín hiệu nội bào không hoạt động float inside cytoplasm
        
        khi signal molecule gắn với receptor, receptor phosphorylate các protein tín hiệu nội bào, sau đó các pr này tạo ra downstream signals.
        
        Ex: RTKs activate Ras
        
        signal protein gắn với receptor, activate RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase)
        
        adaptor protein activate GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) xúc tác cho sự tách GDP khỏi Ras protein để được thay thế bởi GTP và tạo ra tín hiệu
        
        Assembly of signaling complex on phosphoinositide docking sites:
        
        Khi signal molecule gắn với receptor, receptor phosphorylate các phân tử phosphoinositides trên màng tế bào
        
        các ptử hyperphosphorylate phosphoinositides này sẽ activate các protein tín hiệu và tạo ra downstream signal