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AC 3.2 = describe the contribution of agencies in achieving social control…

- - - - Promotes a sense of ownership. This could relate to a Functionalist view of crime whereby positive boundaries maintenance is achieved.
      - Brown and Altman (1981) found that physical modifications suggested resident care and watchfulness help promote safer residential settings.
      - Supporting evidence, for example In ohio, a CPTED partnership plan with housing authority management, residents and police officers has resulted in a 12-13% decline in crime.
    - - However, the CPTED principles suggest criminals operate in hidden places, yet this is not always true, for example, graffiti often takes place in very visible locations.
      - In addition, it may be that crime is displaced to another area rather than being prevented. For example in New York when the police increased subway-surveillance, other crimes like bus robberies rose.
      - CPTED is mostly achievable with new developments/constructions, and is difficult/costly to achieve with existing areas.
- - - - The design ensures a sense of permanent visibility that ensures the functioning of power.
      - Foucault’s surveillance theory argues that in today’s society, self surveillance has become an important way of achieving social control.
      - We know that we might be watched - so we modify and control our behaviour ourselves to avoid punishment
- - - - strengths =
        
        The research suggests that gating has reduced crime. Four of the six individual studies included in a statistical meta-analysis reported statistically significant reductions in burglary, and none reported increases.
        
        The evidence was relatively strong as the review was sufficiently systematic that most forms of bias that could influence the study conclusions can be ruled out.
        
        Gated lanes provide extra security that helps to stop domestic burglary.
      - weaknesses =
        
        Information was not available from the primary studies to test whether the mechanisms were responsible for the outcome patterns observed - no cause and effect relationship established?
        
        Temporal - the movement of crime/disorder to a different time
        
        Tactical - the continual committal of crime but by more sophisticated means.