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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 3. Internal Respiration
        
        gas exchnage between blood & tissues
        
        exchnage between systemic supply & cells - O2 unloading & CO2 loading
        
        causes tissue cells to obtain oxygen for glycolysis
      - 4. Transport of Respiratory Gases
        
        gas transport via the systemic blood supply
        
        exchange between lungs & tissue cells - O2 & CO2 exchange
        
        accomplished by the cardiovascular system
  - - - Kinetic Theory
        
        matter is composed of particles
        
        particles are in constant motion
        
        forces of attraction between particles - gases are subject to pressure changes
      - Boyle's Law
        
        relationship between pressure & volume of gas
        
        gases always fill container
        
        volume (space) taken can change
        
        pressure varies inversely with volume
        
        as pressure increases, volume decreases
        
        as pressure decreases, volume increases
    - - Inspiration (Inhalation)
        depends on action of diaphragm
        
        pulls down on contraction; increases thoracic volume
        
        depends on action of intercostal muscles
        
        pulls sternum forward, increases thoracic volume
        
        forced inspiration - neck & thoracic contraction
      - Expiration (Exhalation)
        depends on natural lung elasticity
        
        lungs recoil causing gases to flow out of lungs
        
        forced expiration is an active process
        
        ribcage contracts; decreases thoracic volume
  - - - during external respiration:
        
        dark red blood flows through pulmonary circuit
        
        becomes. oxygenated for systemic distribution
      - several factors influenced gas exchange:
        
        partial pressure gradients
        
        ventilation & pulmonary perfusion
        
        Respiratory membrane characteristics
    - - thinness of membrane
        
        in healthy lungs ~0.5-1μm thick - highly effcient for diffusion
        
        in pneumonia, membrane thickens - body tissues suffer from O2 deprivation
      - surface area of membrane
        
        in healthy male lungs ~50-70m2 - greater surface area = greater diffusion
        
        in emphysema, surface area is reduced - alveoli burst & merge reducing area for diffusion
      - Capillary bed
        
        allows for increase surface exchange area
      - warm and moist
        
        diffusion, surfactant secreted by Type II alveolar cells
  - - - O2 & CO2 are respiratory gases
        
        these are transported in a number of ways
        
        oxygen is transported:
        
        bunded to haemoglobin (98.5%)
        
        dissolved in plasma (1.5%)
        
        carbon dioxide is transported:
        
        as bicarbonate ions in plsama (75%)
        
        bound to haemoglobin (25%0
      - GAS TRANSPORT - HB
        
        Haemoglobin (HB) found in RBCs
        
        composed of haeme & globin groups
        
        HB binds reversibly with oxygen
        
        O2 loading occurs at lungs (Oxyhemoglobin)
        
        O2 is depleted at tissues (Deoxyhaemoglobin)
        
        O2 & CO2 do not compete for binding sites:
        
        O2 binds to Iron (Fe) on haeme group
        
        CO2 binds to Amino Acids on Globin group
      - GAS TRANSPORT - BICARBONATE
        
        bicarbonate buffer system
        
        CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) - transported in the plasma
        
        CO2 diffuses into RBCs combining with H2O - forms carbonic acid (H2CO3)
        
        H2CO3 is unstable & dissociates quickly - forms hydrogen (H+) & bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
        
        can occur in both RBCs & blood plasma
- - - - the nose
        
        separates nasal & oral cavities (septet)
        
        moistens & warms entering air - mucus (Etrapment); Cilia (waves)
        
        olfactory receptors & resonating chamber
      - The Paranasal Sinuses)
        
        surround the nasal cavity
        
        air-filled spaces within skull & face bones
        
        moistens & warms entering air; lightens skull - nose-blowing drains mucus into nasal cavity
  - - - Nasopharynx
        
        connects nasal cavity with the orophrynx
        
        cavity always remains open; contains adenoids
      - Oropharynx
        
        connects nasopharynx with the larynopharynx
        
        passsage for food & air; contains palatine tonsils - lymphoid tissue removes pathogens from food & air
      - Laryngopharynx
        
        connects oropharynx with the larynx
        
        passage for food & air; continues with oesophagus