Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Lenin's economic policy (agriculture and industrial), Stalin's…
Lenin's economic policy (agriculture and industrial)
War Communism 1918 - 1921
What it was
Nationalisation of industry
Grain forcibly requisitioned from peasants by Cheka and rationed - most to soldiers and workers, least to bourgeoisie
Labour discipline - 11 hour working day, compulsory work, fines for lateness and absenteeism, all 16-50 year olds commpulsory to work, internal passports stop workers fleeing to countryside
Abolition of the market - money worthless due to hyperinflation, private trade made illegal
A class-based system of rationing- labour force and army got most, middle class got least.
Aims
High production of war goods also Nationalisation
Factories well managed by well paid specialists - high levels of industrialisation
Reestablish worker discipline by higher pay to harder workers
High food production for soldiers, workers and civilians
Ensure Communist victory in Civil War
Economic growth and stability - shattered after WW1
Consequences
Military victory - achieved the short term aim to win civil war
Growth of black market - only half the food consumed came through rations the rest through black market
1920 - famine in the countryside due to fail in harvest and grain requostiting, malnutrition was common , death of 6 million
Industrial work force fell as workers fled to countryside for food - those working in factories and mines fell by 50%. Industry fell to 20% of what it was is 1913
Peasants unable to make profit so stopped working hard - industrial cities starved of food --> villages burned and populations killed as warning to comply with bolshevik demands , attacks on kulaks in the countryside
Political crisis- loss of support from Kronstadt sailors
Mass poverty also in cities- shortages of fuel, food
Peasants rebelled
NEP (New Economic Policy) - (1921-28)
What was it : compromise with capitalism
Small factories denationalised and allowed to trade freely - returned to capitalist owners
Free market: grain requisitioning ended, surplus could be sold by peasants for profit
Large factories and industries remained nationalised
Money reintroduced
Consequences
Farming: grain requisitioning ended, free trade, famine ended, farming revived - good for politcal stability as peasants (80% of population) happy again
Industry: slow industrial recovery, reopened factories
The scissors crisis: agriculture recovered quicker than industry- fall in the price of food and rise in the price of industrial goods,crisis did not last long: the government brought industrial prices down instead peasants pay tax
NEPmen travelled the country selling desired goods (arrested by Cheka for profiteering.
Corruption: more prostiution, gambling, drug dealing
Party split: Right wing supported NEP, Left wing opposed NEP, The centre supported NEP
Shops, cafes, restaurants reopened
Aim (why)
Retain his political power - made econmic promises to keep this
Bulid socialism - clear there was not going to be global revolution and so needed to start it in Russia wihtout foreign aid
Recover economy - needed to end famine
Before Civil War
State Capitalism
Nationalise factories
Lenin believed people world be for filled by hard work and less need for leisure time
Land Reform began
Stalin's Economic policy (industrial and agriculture)
Industry
5 Year Plans
(formulated by Gosplan - organisation responsible for economic planning the society union)
3 in total
Sucesses :check:
Heavy industry increase - coal, steel, oil, electricity all increase massively
Transport growth - First Moscow metro lines 1935
Military - 1940, 1/3 of government spending on military
In 2nd and 3rd 5YPs, productivity rose between 25 and 50% after propaganda campaigns and higher wages for those who worked harder,
stakhanovites
were those who worked harder and awarded the title and higher wage
1940- USSR worlds second largest industrial power after USA
1500 new factories built
Failures :red_cross:
Quality of products often low (bcs quantity rewarded over quality)
Productivity, though improved, still lagged behind other industrialised nations
Industrial managers lied about production levels to avoid punishment --> economic planning harder
Scare consumer goods due to no investment into light industry --> shortages in clothes, shoes
Waste - gosplan did not plan what to do with materials, bad transport for transporting materials, little communication between factories meant materials left to decay
Stalins Terror killed off many of the experts in Gosplan so there was not enough knowledge for planning
Living conditions for work force was very poor (Industrial towns (Magnitogrorsk) of 1st 5YP were bad condition in tents)
Worker treatment poor- low pay, long hours work often done through slave labour from gulags (eg. Belomor Canal)
Necessary housing never built - worse conditions than during NEP
Aims
Ideology- abolish capitalist market, lay foundation for socialism
improve on NEP for moe industrialisation
Military - Industrilaise to prepare for war with capitalist nations and Nazi Germany
abolish capitalism
BUILD UP HEAVY INDUSTRY - industrialise
Agriculture
Collectivisation
What was it
Sate owned all farms - Farms called
Equipment from richer peasants taken and given to poorer peasants
Small farms forcibly merged into large farms (20-150 families)
Dekulakisation
1.5 million sent to labour camps
Kulaks divided into 3 categories:
counter-revolutionaries --> shot or sent to forced labour
camps
active opponents of collectivisation --> deported
others were expelled from farms and settled on poor land.
Grain requisitioning - Red army and Cheka would seize red grain from peasants and use it to feed workers and sell overseas
25,000ers went to countryside backed by military to force peasants to sign a register to be collectivised
Lysenkoism
Consequences
Low production
- peasants killed around 100 million of their animals in retaliation, grain production decreased massively due to farmers having no incentives as no profit , execution of kulaks who are often most knowledgable farmers
Famine - Ukraine resisted collectivisation and so punished by Stalin by seizing their grain and livestock - 7 million dead - denied by Stalin
Mechanisation - more tractors (limited effect)
Grain requestioning - much more grain taken from peasants (10 million tons --> 22 million tons) and much more exported and sold to other countries
Farms were less productive than large private farms had been under NEP
Denoucing of other peasants as kulaks
Aims
Abolish private farms - more capitalist - gain support of peasants
Allowed for more wealth to be taken from farms by the government
Wanted to increase agriculture due to food shortages- thought collectivisation would lead to increased production --> more efficient economy
Allowed Stalin to win support from the left of communist party
Remove Kulaks (blamed for grain procurment crisis)
1945 - War recovery
Forth Five Year Plan
Industrial output increased 80%
Military spending increased
High levels of industrial growth
Consumer goods increase
Economic recovery in sight
Post War Agriculture
Shortage of workers
Banned all private farms
Production dropped further initally then slowly began to increase after 1947
Brezhnev's Econmic Policy
Agriculture
Reversal of Khrushchev's Reforms
Virgin Lands Scheme Ended
Recombined Industry and Agriculture departments
Private plots allowed for peasants
Brigade system on farms - peasants work out and earn profit
Problems
25% of soviet workforce was agriculture
Unskilled workforce
Remained inefficient
Industry
Increased Military Spending
wanted to rival USA
Drain on econmy which led to problems
The Second Economy (Black Market)
Began under Stalin and many attempts to destory it
Brezhnev, instead, decide to accept it as a necessary evil
Aided living standards
Kosygin Reforms
Give power to factory managers
Judge by sucess not production levels
Failed and led to Czeckoslyvakian rebellion
Andropov
Anti- corruption campaign - investigated senior party officals
Anti- alchol campaign - poorly enforced and led to illeagal moonshining and didnt decrease consumption
Khrushchev's Economic Policy
Industry
Sucesses
Consumer goods increased 60%
Consumer goods + chemicals increased (but not as significalty as hoped)
Failures
Industry was set up to deal with heavy industry and the switch to light caused issues - people had massive heavy sheets of steel whih coudlnt be used for light fittings
Targets set according to valuableness of item - meant factories jsut created few very expesive items and no affordable ones - undesired unaffrodble fancy sofas
Continually introduced new reforms which were often short lived and counterproductive
Consumer goods useless
Military spending - decreased initially but when re - increased due to cold war this caused a fall in economic growth
Seven Year Plan (Light Industry)
Increase production of consumer goods by investing in light industry
Wanted to increase chemicals/fertlaiser for agricultural production
Wanted to rasie standard of living
Agriculture
Corn Campaign 1958
Encouraged farmers in Ukraine to grow maize corn as he had seen in America
This would be used to feed animals, increasing meat
FAIL - not correct climate - amount of animal food produced dropped 30%
Succeses
(only existed until 1958)
400% rise in farmer in come (until 1958)
Greater availibilty of food - better standard of living
Virgin Lands Scheme INITALLY successful - grain harvests, milk, meat increased
Virgin Lands Scheme 1953
Turn unfarmed lands into new farms
Kazakhstan, Western Siberia etc
Significant increase in amount of farmed land in USSR
Not that significant as such unfertile land - expeive labour and irrigation systems
Failures
Corn Campaign
Not well planned - fertilisers deliverd to wrong place
MTS (machine and tractor stations) abolished - lack of mondern farming equipment
Khrushchev constaly changed reforms leading to confusion
Deeply inefficient even before 1958 - heaps of labour and money needed to produce far less produce then America
Bad strorage facilities
Agricultal investment cut form 12% to 2%
Virgin Lands Scheme
Increased collectivisation
Decentralisation
Party split between agricultre and industry
Midnsitires of agriclutre moved from Moscow to be closer to countryside
Economic Policy
Military victory but economic and political ruin
Abandoned Seven year plan and went back to 5YP style