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Geo: chap 9, Sustainable development of housing UwU - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Deforestation:
        
        forests are cleared to make space for the building of houses-> leads to depletion of forests.
      - Resource extraction
        
        As population grows, more resources are needed:
        
        Resources including food, water, building materials, fuel ( for cooking and warmth)
        
        Resources are extracted from the environment ( e.g. wood from forests, steel from mining.)
        
        Resource extraction can harm the environment
    - - Pollution refers to the introduction of substances that do not normally belong in the environment
        Enough concentration of the substances can cause harmful effects on plants, animals and humans.
        
        3 types of pollution:
        
        Water pollution
        
        Groundwater and surface water can be contaminated from toxic waste and garbage water dumps-> water chemistry in water bodies are altered
        
        Aquatic life and the people using the water suffer from ill-health
        
        Untreated or poorly-treated sewage can be low in dissolved oxygen and high pollutants(e.g. nitrates). This sewage is often released into the water bodies.
        
        Land pollution
        
        Some cities build landfills to dispose of waste products, others incinerate ( burn ) their waste products to reduce the space needed for disposal. When waste or leftover material from incineration are simply dumped into landfills, land pollution occurs.
        
        Soil may be contaminated from
        
        Wastewater
        
        Garbage
        
        Factory waste
        
        Land pollution can cause long-term damage to land, making it unsafe for people living in these polluted areas.
        
        Air pollution
        
        In cities, the burning of fossil fuels for energy use and protection, as well as emissions from industries and motor vehicles pollute the air
        
        Prolonged exposure of air pollution can lead to ( memorise 3)
        
        Lung cancer
        
        respiratory infection
        
        Heart disease
        
        reduce visibility
        
        Death.
        
        unattractive for migrants or even tourists.
        
        Air pollution can be reduced by increasing public transport ridership and encouraging increased use of alternate sources of energy.
- - - - Presence of amenities
        
        Amenities refer to the desirable or useful features of a place that make life easier for its residents.
        
        Examples include:
        
        Grocery shops, markets, eateries -> access to food
        
        Clinics, hospitals-> access to medical services
        
        Shops, shopping mall -> goods and services
        
        public transport -> train stations, bus stops.
      - Presence of communities
        
        Social refers to the interaction of the individual and the group, or the welfare of human beings as members of society
        
        In formal housing, residents also get to meet their social needs through: Spaces for social gatherings-> Community centres and playgrounds
        
        Interactions and community spirit fostered amongst neighbours leads to a sense of belonging and inclusivity.
        
        Inclusiveness includes
        
        organising celebrations for different festivals
        
        cater to all ages:
        
        Fitness corner ( more for elderly )
        
        Playground ( children )
        
        ramps and slopes for people with disabilities ( people bound to wheelchairs )
        
        Different housing types
        
        5 room flat
        
        cater to different income group festivals
        
        1- room flat
        
        Shared spaces for interaction
        
        Void deck
        
        multi purpose hall
        
        playground
        
        Resident network
        
        Ethic quota in each HDB block ( allows different races to live together in each HDB )
      - Provision of Basic needs ( in a formal housing )
        
        Shelter, a basic need to protect civilians from the weather elements.
        
        Sanitation services-> reduced outbreak of diseases and improve people's well-being and health.
        
        Access to water and electricity
- - - - Pros: Allows all residents regardless of age and physical abilities, to feel at ease in their housing estates.
      - Cons: making public housing inclusive is costly. ( need to build special access for people with special needs. )
    - - Pros: Environmentally- friendly technology can lead to cost saving in the long run and it helps to reduce energy consumption which ensures long term sustainability of cities
      - Cons: It is expensive to install, perceived as inconvenient ( e.g. inconvenient to sort rubbish before recycling ) and
      - Incorperating environmentally-friendly technologies into the construction of homes also promotes sustainability.
        These features reduce energy consumption which ensures sustainability of cities.
    - - Pros: By developing housing in tandem with other services, towns become more SUSTAINABLE and LIVEABLE
      - Cons: Requires the coordination of many stake holders which is difficult in some countries where different groups have competing perspectives.
      - It is basically the process by which the needs of different groups(e.g. planning authorities, residents) and competing demands can be resolved to ensure sustainable development of the city.
      - Amenities and transport infrastructure must be built within or surrounding housing projects.
        Housing also must be connected to city functions ( e.g. entertainment, amenities, industries, education, healthcare, recreation services, ( shopping malls ) retail )
    - - Pros: Better access to clean water, sanitation services can reduce threat of diseases which raise health levels
      - Cons: Slum improvement schemes are often not part of the long-term city development plans, problems may arise in the future city developments. It also does not solve the issues of crime rates, unemployment and the stigmatisation of people living in slums
      - It is more sustainable to enhance the living conditions of people living in slums. Improving access to basic services, the quality building of homes and Involving the local community in designing the housing policies can help to improve the conditions of slums