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Alayna Dixon Period 3 Anatomy and Physiology Reproductive System -…
Alayna Dixon
Period 3 Anatomy and Physiology
Reproductive System
Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)
Only body system a person does not need to survive
• Develops and maintains organs for production of offspring
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Testis
Produce sperm and hormones ovoid structures suspended by spermatic cord outside
trunk in a sac, the scrotum
Penis
External reproductive organ urine and semen come from the urethral hole making pregnancy possible should it be at the entrance of a female vagina
Vas deferen
Muscular tube, leading from epididymis into body cavity
• Unites with the seminal vesical duct, and empties into the
ejaculatory duct
• Ejaculatory duct travels through prostate gland, and empties its
contents into the urethra
Prostate
Chestnut-shaped structure surrounding the urethra at the base of the
urinary bladder
• Secretes a thin, milky fluid that contains citrate, a nutrient for sperm,
and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), an enzyme which helps to liquefy
semen
Ejaculatory duct
full of seminal fluid released during ejaculation to be combined with sperm
Urethra
Where semen or pee may come out
Epididymis
Tightly coiled tube connected to the testis, leading from the testis
to the ductus (vas) deferens
• Site of sperm maturation
• Sperm become motile and develop the ability to fertilize an egg
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Ovaries
Solid, ovoid structures located within the lateral wall of the
pelvic cavity
• The ovaries are subdivided into an inner medulla and an outer
cortex:
• Medulla is made up of connective tissue, blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels, and nerves
• Cortex contains ovarian follicles and is covered by cuboidal
epithelium
Uterus
Hollow, muscular organ
• Receives embryo from uterine tube, and maintains
development of the embryo and then fetus
• Upper two-thirds of the uterus, the body, has a dome-shaped
top, the fundus
• Lower one-third of the uterus is the cervix, which extends into
the vagina
• Uterine wall has three layers: an inner, glandular endometrium,
a muscular wall or myometrium, and an outer perimetrium
• Usually bends forward over the urinary bladder
Uterine Tubes
Lead from the ovary to the uterus
• Near ovaries, they expand to form an infundibulum with
fingerlike fimbriae on its margins
• Cells lining the tubes have cilia, which beat in unison, drawing
egg cell into the uterine tube
• Normal site of fertilization
Layers of Uterus
Endometrium ( innermost layer)
Perimetrim (outermost layer)
Myometrium (middle layer)
Vagina
Fibromuscular tube that extends from uterus to the outside
• Vaginal orifice is partially covered by a membrane called the
hymen
• Vaginal wall consists of three layers
• Conveys uterine secretions, receives the penis during sexual
intercourse, and serves as birthing canal
Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)
Progesterone
Testosterone
Estrogen
Events of the female hormonal cycles (be sure to include all categories)
Follicular cells become corpus luteum cells, which secrete estrogens and
progesterone
Estrogens continue to stimulate uterine wall development
Progesterone stimulates the endometrium to become more glandular and
vascular
Estrogens and progesterone inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH from the
anterior pituitary gland
If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
degenerates and no longer secretes estrogens and progesterone
The anterior pituitary releases a surge of LH, which leads to ovulation
As the concentrations of estrogens and progesterone decline, blood
vessels in the endometrium constrict
Follicular cells produce and secrete estrogens
Estrogens maintain secondary sex characteristics
Estrogens cause the endometrium to thicken
The uterine lining disintegrates and sloughs off, producing a
menstrual flow
FSH stimulates maturation of a dominant follicle
The anterior pituitary gland is no longer inhibited and again secretes
FSH and LH.
The anterior pituitary gland secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone (LH)
The menstrual cycle repeats
Disorders associated with the reproductive system (including STI’s)
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Genital Herpes:STD caused by the herpes simplex viruses type (HSVRI) or type (HSV2)
Hepatitis
Syphilis: Syphilis is divided in stages; primary, secondary, latent and terietary. is transmitted by vaginal, anal and oral sex. signs and symptoms include single/multiple sores skin rashes and legions and sometimes death. Treatment includes antibiotics and prevention is a latex condom.
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
Chemical Barriers: contain spermicides; are more effective
when used with a condom; examples: creams, foams, jellies
Mechanical Barriers: prevent sperm from entering vagina
during sexual intercourse; examples: male or female condoms,
diaphragm, cervical cap
Combined Hormone Contraceptives: contain estrogen and
progestins to prevent pregnancy; disrupt normal hormonal
patterns of female cycle, and prevent follicle maturation and
ovulation; examples: chemical ring, patch, oral contraceptives
Injectable Contraception: injection of a progesterone derivative
prevents follicle maturation and ovulation; works for 3 months
Rhythm Method: abstinence from sexual intercourse around
time of ovulation; difficult to determine time of ovulation; not
effective
Contraceptive Implants: implantation of a rod containing
progestin under the skin in the arm; can prevent follicle
maturation and ovulation for 3 years
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): objects implanted in the uterus are
either toxic to sperm and egg cells or prevent implantation of
embryo by inhibiting growth of endometrium, thicken cervical
mucus
Sterilization: surgical methods of permanently preventing
pregnancy; vasectomy in male (removal of a small portion of
the vas deferens, preventing sperm from entering semen), tubal
ligation in female (cutting of the uterine tubes, preventing
sperm from reaching egg)
Coitus Interruptus: withdrawal of penis from vagina before
ejaculation; not very effective; some sperm may reach vagina
before ejaculation
