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Reproductive System: Valerie Chavez, Period Five - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System: Valerie Chavez, Period Five
FUNCTIONS
combine genetic information through fertilization
support gestation & parturition, gestation being the development of the baby in the womb and parturition being the process of giving birth
bring gametes together through copulation, which is sexual intercourse
form gametes, or specialized cells involved with sexual reproduction (sperm in males, ovum in females)
MALE ANATOMY
Testes: sperm - producing male gonads that lie within scrotum (sac of skin & superficial fascia); surrounded by 2 tunics (tunica vaginalis & albuginea); septa divide testis into around 250 lobules, each containing 1 - 4 seminiferous tubules; sperm pathway = seminiferous tubules to straight tubule to rete testis to efferent ductules to epididymis; spermatic cord encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, & lymphatics that supply testes
Accessory Ducts: carry sperm from testes to body exterior; epididymis; ductus deferens; ejaculatory duct
Urethra: conveys both urine and semen, not at the same time; terminal end of vas deferens
Penis: male copulatory organ (glans + prepuce); external genitalia (scrotum & penis); made of spongy urethra & 3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue, CT, & smooth muscle with vascular spaces (corpus spongiosum surrounds urethra, corpora cavernosa = paired dorsal erectile bodies)
Accessory Glands: seminal glands (smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation); produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid; duct of seminal gland joints ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct; prostate (encircles urethra inferior to the bladder, has smooth muscle and secretes milky slightly acidic fluid); bulbo - urethral gland (Cowper's gland that produces thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal)
FEMALE ANATOMY
Ovaries: female gonads; produce female gametes (ovum); secrete female sex hormones (estrogen & progesterone); paired structures flank the uterus, almond shaped & around 2x large; ligaments = ovarian & suspensory; follicles = tiny sac-like structures embedded in cortex
Uterine Tubes: AKA fallopian tubes or oviducts; usual site of fertilization; infundibulum = funnel shaped opening into peritoneal cavity; contains ciliated projections called fimbriae; oocyte is carried down toward uterus by smooth muscle peristalsis & ciliary action
Uterus: receives, retains, and nourishes fertilized ovum; regions include the body, isthmus, cervix, & the cervical canal; has 3 layers of muscle = perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
Vagina: thin-walled tube 8 - 10 cm wide, 3 - 4 in. length; birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and copulation organ; acidic secretions from adult females; mucosa near vaginal orifice forms incomplete partition called hymen that ruptures with intercourse
Mammary Glands: present in females and males, but normally function in females only; produces milk to nourish newborn; modified sweat glands with 15 - 25 lobes; areola = pigmented skin surrounding nipple
External Genitalia: external sex organs including the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, vestibule, and clitoris; also known as vulva or pudendum
HORMONES
Testosterone: primary male sex hormone
Progesterone: promotes change in cervical mucus; effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy ( inhibits uterine mobility & preps breasts for lactation); female hormone
Estrogen: promote oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary; exert anabolic effect on female reproductive tract; support rapid short-lived growth spurts at puberty; has metabolic effects; female hormone
Luteinizing Hormone: triggers ovulation & formation of corpus luteum; stimulates follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone: stimulates follicles to grow, mature, & secrete sex hormones; negative feedback on FSH release is known as Inhibin
FEMALE HORMONAL CYCLES
DISORDERS
Syphilis: STD that can have serious complications if untreated; can be divided into primary, secondary, & tertiary stages; may experience sores, fever, & swollen lymph nodes
Genital Herpes: STD caused by herpes simplex viruses types 1 or 2 (HSV - 1 / 2); may experience blisters on or around genitals / mouth / rectum, body ache, usually asymptomatic
Chlamydia: common STD that infects men & women, can cause serious permanent damage if left untreated; may experience abnormal vaginal discharge, discharge from penis, & bleeding
Gonorrhea: STD that can infect both men & women, can cause infections in the genitals / rectum / throat; may experience soreness, burning sensation when urinating, & bleeding
Hepatitis: viral infection that can occur in men & women that develops few to no symptoms and can remain asymptomatic for decades, Hepatitis B & C can become chronic lifelong diseases that cause other health problems; may experience liver cancer, cirrhosis, jaundice, abdominal fever, & could lead to death
Trichomoniasis: common STD that's caused by infection with protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis; may experience itching, burning, soreness of genitals, & discomfort with urination
AIDS / HIV: virus that weakens immune system by destroying important cells that fight disease / infection, no effective cure currently, can develop into AIDS if not treated; may experience flu - like symptoms, may be asymptomatic
HPV / Genital Warts: most common STI which is associated with a different virus compared to HIV & HSV (herpes); mostly asymptomatic, may experience painless lumps or growths around genitalia
PID: infection of a women's reproductive organs, complication often caused by STDs like chlamydia & gonorrhea; may experience lower abdomen pain, burning sensation when urinating, & bleeding between periods
Bacterial Vaginosis: condition that happens when there is too much of a certain bacteria in the vagina, which changes the balance of bacteria in the vagina: may experience thin white / gray discharge, pain / itching / burning in the vagina, strong fish - like odor, especially after sex
Prevention: ABSTINENCE, latex condoms, vaccines, & long-term monogamous relationships
CONTRACEPTIVES
Methods
Classifications