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Reproductive System, Sarina Rivera Period 2 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System, Sarina Rivera Period 2
Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)
Male
delivers sperm to female
produces sperm & hormones
testes hold and transport sperm cells
sperm maturation
once sperm becomes motile, they can fertilize an egg
Seminal Vesicles release semen (nourishing sperm)
mucus is released to urethra to lubricate the tip of penis, response to sexual stimulation.
Capacitation begins in the female reproductive tract, weakening acrosomal membrane.
Sperm releases Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Glands, & Bulbourethal Glands
Ejaculatory duct empties into the urethra.
Female
produces female sex hormones
produces/maintains oocytes/egg cells
moves cells to get fertilized
provides environment to develop a fetus
deliver, feed, & nurture offspring
oocytes begin meiosis, stop, then return at puberty.
Produces only 6-7 million oocytes, 300,000 remain during puberty, & 300-400 are only released from ovary in a lifetime.
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Gonads
Testes: produce sperm and hormones
Internal Accessory Organs
Epididymis: tight coiled tube, located from testis to ductus deferens, sperm maturation (grows & lives), sperm becomes motile & fertilizes egg.
Ductus Deferens: Muscular tube, located from epididymis to body cavity, connects to Seminal Vesicle duct then empties into Ejaculatory Duct.
Seminal Vesicle (sac-like): connected to vas deferens near based of urinary bladder, release a large portion (fluid) of semen
Prostate Gland: chestnut shaped, surrounds the urethral at base of urinary bladder, releases thin/milky fluid (citrate/nutrient for sperm), contains Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) which liquidizes semen.
Bulbourethral (Cowpers) Glands: small, located inferior to prostate gland, releases mucus into urethra, lubricates the tip of penis in response to sexual stimulation.
Semen: Sperm Cells, 120 million per milliliter, releasing seminal vesicles, prostate glands, & bulbourethral glands.
capacitation: in the female reproductive tract, weakening acrosomal membrane.
Ejaculatory Duct
goes through prostate gland
empties into urethra
External Accessory Organs
Scrotum: skin & subcutaneous tissue housing testes, posterior to penis, protects and regulates temperature of testes. Sperm requires 5 degrees cooler than core.
Penis: special erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa & corpus spongiosum) stiffens for sexual intercourse.
Erection, Orgasm, & Ejaculation
Erection: widening of arteries in erectile tissue, compression of veins, causing penis to swell and elongate.
Emission: movement of sperm cells & releasing Accessory Organs into urethra, blending to form semen.
Ejaculation: Forcing semen through urethra outside of body, once finished sympathetic impulses return the penis relaxed.
Orgasm: feeling of psychological & physiological release.
Sperm:
Head: haploid nucleus & acrosome
Midpiece (body): mitochondria
Flagellum (tail): lashing movements propel sperm through fluids.
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Ovaries
solid, found within the lateral wall of pelvic cavity, subdivided.
Medulla: connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves
Cortex: ovarian follicles, covered by cuboidal epithelium.
Primordial follicles
follicular cells hover oocyte
only made once
forms from group of cells In ovarian cortex while in prenatal development.
Female Internal Accessory Organs
Uterine Tubes:
located ovary to uterus
expand near ovaries
form infundibulum with frimbriae on margins (fingerlike)
contains cilia lining
MAIN AREA FOR FERTILIZATION
Uterus:
Hollow & muscular
recieves embryo, maintains it and becomes the fetus
body is dome-shaped
fundus (upper uterus)
cervix (lower uterus)
Vagina
bends forward
Fibromuscular tube
from uterus to outside of body
Hymen membrane
wall consist of 3 layers
releases urine, receives penis, & is a birthing canal
Uterine Wall:
Endometrium (inner)
Myometrium (muscular wall)
Perimetrium (outermost)
Female External Accessory Organs
Vulva
structure around the opening of urethra & vagina
Labia Majora
encloses/protects eternal organs
anterior ends meet forming mons pubis
Labia Minora
flat longitudinal folds between Labia Majora
creates a "hood" around clitoris
Clitoris
small anterior portion of vulva
between Labia Minora
has columns of erectile tissue
similar to penis
Vestibule
enclosed area by Labia Minora, where vagina & urethra open
vestibular glands lie on each side
provides lubrication.
Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)
Female Sex Hormones
2 types of FSH created by ovaries, adrenal cortex, & placenta during pregnancy
Estrogen
breast development
sex organ enlargement
increased adipose tissue, disposition, & vascularization of skin
Progesterone
triggers uterine changes
endometrium becomes more vascular
secretes nutrients for possible embryo
Androgens
puberty
hair growth
low androgen = broadening hips
Male Sex Hormones
develop male reproductive organs
creates puberty
Testosterone
Disorders associated with the reproductive system (including STI’s)
Syphilis
serious complications
single/multiple sores
treatment is antibiotics
prevention is getting tested & avoiding sexual intercourse
Genital Herpes
Herpes simplex viruses, type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2)
blisters around genitals/mouth
swollen glands
fever, body aches
treatment can be antiviral medications, suppressive therapy, or no cure
prevention can be condoms or avoiding sexual contact
Chlamydia
can cause serious damage to female reproductive system, causing fatal pregnancy
burning while urinating
discharge
pain/swelling in testicles
treatment is medication
prevention can be condoms/avoiding sexual intercourse
Gonorrhea
infection in genitals, rectum, throat, common in young ages 15-24
burning when urinating
white/yellow/green discharge
pain/swelling in testicles
Treatment can be medications
Prevention can be condoms and avoiding sexual intercourse.
Hepatitis
many variations, many cases, making it common
harms liver
causes jaundice
serosis
Treatment can be vaccines or medications
Preventions are condoms and a monogamous relationship
PID
infection in female reproductive organs caused by STI's like Chlamydia & Gonorrhea
this is caused by having more than 1 sex partner
fever
pain/bleeding during sex
unusual discharge
Treatment can be antibiotics
Preventions are condoms & long term monogamous relationship
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
Surgical
Female Sterilization
permanent birth control, cutting of uterine tubes
side effects are pain, bleeding, infection, other complications
Male Sterilization
permanent birth control, cutting portion of vas deferens
side effects are pain, bleeding, & infection
IUD
lasts up to 10 years, placed in the uterus
side effects are cramps, heavier/longer periods, & spotting
Chemical
Injectables
a shot every 3 months, contains estrogen & progesterone
side effects loss of bone density, weight gain, dizziness
Pill
must swallow pill everyday
side effects are nausea, spotting/bleeding, and headaches
Spermicides
kills sperm
side effects are pain, bleeding, and irritation in the vagina
Mechanical
Diaphragm
place in vagina blocking sperm from reaching the cervix
side effects are irritation, allergic reactions, & UTI
Internal Condom
vagina condom, placed in vagina canal
side effects are itching, discomfort, & burning
External Condom
placed on penis
side effects are irritation and allergic reactions
Behavioral
Fertility Awareness
determining and avoiding the week of ovulation for a female
side effect is pregnancy
Withdrawal
pulling penis out of vagina before ejaculation
Side effect is high chance of pregnancy