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PSYC1010 Concept Tool 1 - Coggle Diagram
PSYC1010 Concept Tool 1
Chapter 1: Psychology
Psychological Perspectives:
Introduction to major psychological perspectives such as behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, psychodynamic, and biological
Behavioral Perspective:
Explanation of how behavior is learned through conditioning and reinforcement, emphasizing observable actions and environmental influences.
Cognitive Perspective
: Examination of mental processes such as thinking, memory, perception, and problem-solving, and how they shape behavior and emotions.
Introduction to Psychology:
Overview of the field of psychology, its history, and its various subfields.
Scope of Psychology:
Explanation of the diverse range of topics studied in psychology, including cognition, emotion, behavior, perception, and social interactions.
History of Psychology:
Exploration of key historical figures and milestones in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline, from its philosophical roots to modern approaches.
Themes in Psychology:
Discussion of key themes in psychology, including nature vs. nurture, the mind-body connection, and the interaction between biology and environment.
Nature vs. Nurture:
Discussion of the debate regarding the relative influence of genetics (nature) versus environmental factors (nurture) on human behavior and development.
Mind-Body Connection:
Exploration of the relationship between psychological processes and physiological responses, including how thoughts and emotions influence physical health and well-being
Chapter 3: The Brain and the Nervous System
Neurons and Neural Signaling:
Introduction to the structure and function of neurons, including how they communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals.
Neuron Structure:
Explanation of the different parts of a neuron, including the cell body, dendrites, axon, and synapses.
Neural Communication:
Overview of how neurons communicate with each other through action potentials and neurotransmitters.
The Central Nervous System:
Overview of the brain and spinal cord, including their structure and major functions.
Brain Structure:
Description of the major structures of the brain, such as the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem, and their respective functions.
Spinal Cord Function:
Explanation of the spinal cord's role in transmitting sensory information to the brain and motor commands from the brain to the body.
The Peripheral Nervous System:
Explanation of the peripheral nervous system, including its divisions (somatic and autonomic) and their roles in sensation, movement, and autonomic functions.
Somatic Nervous System:
Discussion of how the somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements and receives sensory information from the body's external environment.
Autonomic Nervous System:
Explanation of the autonomic nervous system's role in regulating involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing, including its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Chapter 10: Developmental Psychology
Developmental Processes:
Overview of key processes in human development, including biological, cognitive, and socioemotional development.
Biological Development:
Discussion of physical changes and growth patterns that occur throughout the lifespan, such as changes in height, weight, and motor skills.
Cognitive Development:
Exploration of changes in mental abilities and processes, including language development, problem-solving skills, and memory formation.
Socioemotional Development:
Examination of changes in social and emotional functioning, including the development of self-concept, relationships with others, and emotional regulation.
Stages of Development:
Examination of developmental stages across the lifespan, including infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.
Infancy:
Overview of the first stage of development, including milestones such as sensory-motor coordination, attachment formation, and language acquisition.
Adolescence:
Discussion of the period of transition between childhood and adulthood, characterized by physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes, such as puberty, identity exploration, and peer relationships.
Developmental Theories:
Discussion of major developmental theories, such as Piaget's theory of cognitive development and Erikson's psychosocial theory.
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development:
Explanation of Piaget's stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational) and how children's thinking evolves through these stages.
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory:
Examination of Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development, which emphasize the importance of resolving psychosocial crises at each stage to achieve healthy development, from infancy to old age.
Chapter 2: The Scientific Basis of Psychology
Scientific Method:
Explanation of the scientific method and how it applies to psychology, including hypothesis testing and empirical research.
Hypothesis Testing:
Explanation of how psychologists formulate hypotheses based on theories or observations and then test them through empirical research to determine their validity.
Empirical Research:
Discussion of the importance of empirical evidence in psychology, including the collection and analysis of data to support or refute hypotheses and theories.
Research Designs:
Overview of different research designs such as experiments, correlational studies, and observational studies.
Experimental Studies:
Explanation of experimental research designs, including the manipulation of variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships between them.
Correlational Studies:
Overview of correlational research designs, which examine the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them, focusing on the strength and direction of associations.
Ethics in Psychology
: Discussion of ethical considerations in psychological research, including informed consent, confidentiality, and minimizing harm to participants.
Informed Consent:
Discussion of the ethical requirement for researchers to obtain informed consent from participants, ensuring they understand the purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits of the study before agreeing to participate.
Confidentiality and Privacy:
Explanation of the importance of maintaining participants' confidentiality and privacy throughout the research process, including how researchers protect sensitive information and anonymize data to ensure participants' identities remain confidential.
Chapter 4: Brain, Body, and Evolution of Behavior
Brain Structure and Functioning:
Detailed exploration of the different regions of the brain (e.g., cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem) and their functions.
Cerebrum:
Exploration of the cerebrum, including its lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) and their associated functions such as motor control, sensory perception, language, and higher cognitive processes.
Cerebellum and Brainstem:
Discussion of the cerebellum's role in coordinating movement and balance, as well as the brainstem's functions in regulating basic physiological processes such as heartbeat, breathing, and arousal.
Hemispheric Lateralization:
Discussion of the specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the brain and how they process information differently.
Language Processing:
Examination of how language functions are predominantly localized in the left hemisphere for most individuals, including areas such as Broca's area and Wernicke's area.
Spatial Awareness and Creativity: Exploration of the right hemisphere's specialization in tasks involving spatial awareness, creativity, and holistic processing, contrasting with the left hemisphere's analytical and sequential processing tendencies.
Evolutionary Psychology:
Introduction to evolutionary psychology and how evolutionary principles shape behavior and cognitive processes.
Adaptation and Survival:
Introduction to the concept of natural selection and how it drives the evolution of behavioral and cognitive traits that enhance an organism's chances of survival and reproduction.
Social Behavior: Discussion of how evolutionary principles shape social behaviors such as mate selection, parental investment, altruism, aggression, and cooperation, based on the idea of maximizing reproductive success.