Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Cognitive Approach - Reliability of cognitive processes - Coggle Diagram
Cognitive Approach - Reliability of cognitive processes
Reconstructive Memory
Bartlett (1932)
The idea that we alter information we have stored when we recall it, based on prior expectations/knowledge
Theory of memory recall, in which the act of remembering is influenced by other cognitive processes including perception, past experience, imagination and beliefs
Brewer & Treyens (1981)
3 Conditions:
Drawing condition
Verbal recognition condition
Recall condition
Loftus & Palmer's (1974)
Confabulation
memory error in which gaps in a person's memory are unconsciously filled with fabricated, misinterpreted, or distorted information.
People with memory distortions are often very confident about their veracity.
Episodic memory
Reconstructed
includes contextual information about experienced events, including how things looked, sounded, and smelled, as well as the emotions that were experienced.
Msinformation effect
The tendency for post-event information to interfere with the memory of the original event
Leveling
leave details when recalling a memory maybe due to the details were schema incongruent, were not seen as important or they were not undersood
Reconstructive memory
theory of memory recall, in which the act of remembering is influenced by other cognitive processes including perception, past experience, imagination, and beliefs.
Semantic memory
memory of a fact without a memory of any specific experience. Semantic memories are reproduced.
Sharpening
How we remember + emphasise smaller details that are consistent with our cognitive schema and affects how we remember a story.
Can influence us to add some details that weren't there
Yuille + Cutshall (1986)
Biases in thinking and decision-making (cognitive biases)
Bias
Conformation bias
A cognitive bias in which one focuses on information that supports a given solution, belief, or hypothesis and ignores evidence against it
Anchoring bias
A cognitive bias where an individual depends too heavily on an initial piece of information offered to make subsequent judgments during decision-making.
The "anchor"
Strack and Mussweiler (1997)
Framing effect
Prospect theory
describes the way people choose between alternatives that involve risk, where the probabilities of outcomes are known.
The theory states that people evaluate these losses and gains using heuristic
Tversky + Kahnemann (1974)
in which people react to choices depending on how they are presented or "framed."
Preferring certain outcomes especially when information is framed in positive language
(We prefer a definite win rather than a possible win)
Heuristics
rules-of-thumb that can be applied to guide decision-making based on a more limited subset of the available information.
rely on less information, heuristics facilitate faster decision-making than strategies that require more information.
Peak-end rule
Heuristic in which people judge an experience largely based on how they felt at its
peak
(most intense point) and at its
end
, rather than based on the total sum/average of every moment of the experience.
Occurs whether the experience is pleasant or unpleasant
emotion based and can be stuck on making a decision or judgement on how they feel at the peak of that experience
Kahemann et al (1993)
