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Unit 6: Sampling and Non sampling Errors - Coggle Diagram
Unit 6: Sampling and Non sampling Errors
Introduction
Error measurement in surveys is complex.
Error = Difference between survey answer and "true value".
Managing error is essential across all research stages.
Understanding Errors
Direct assessment of error often not feasible.
Deduced from variation in responses not reflecting the target measurement.
Total Error
Sampling Error ↑
Non-sampling Error ↑
Response Error
Researcher Error
Population Specification Error: Wrong population selection.
Sample Frame Error: Imperfect frame leading to overlap.
Surrogate Information Error: Using substitute information.
Measurement Error: Non-correspondence of obtained and sought information.
Experimental Error: Discrepancy between true impact and attributed impact.
Interviewer Error
Respondent Selection Error
Questioning Error
Recording Error
Cheating Error
Respondent Error
Inability Error
Unwillingness Error
Non-response Error
Non-Contact (e.g., NAH, moved)
→ Non-Response Error ↑.
Refusal (e.g., sensitive topics)
→ Non-Response Error ↑.
Sampling Error
Occurs with probability sampling methods.
Non-representative sample → Sampling Error ↑.
Homogenous population → Sampling Error ↓.
Non-Sampling Error
Encompasses all errors not related to sampling.
Considered as bias but includes random components too.
Non-Response Error
Difference between original and obtained sample.
Non-Contact and Refusal increase Non-Response Error.
Error Management Strategies
Sampling Error Management
: Increase homogeneity, ensure representative sampling.
Non-Sampling Error Reduction
: Apply rigorous methodology, avoid bias, improve questionnaire design, and offer training for interviewers.