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Heart Failure - Coggle Diagram
Heart Failure
LVF (backward effects)
Weak left ventricle causes a backup of hydrostatic pressure In the left atrium, pulmonary veins, and pulmonary capillaries.
Hydrostatic pressure Increases In the lungs.
Fluid builds In pulmonary Interstitial, often to the point of pulmonary edema.
Symptoms:
cough (cough with pink, frothy sputum equals pulmonary edema)
dyspnea
orthopnea
PND
treatment:
fowler's position to ease breathing
oxygen for hypoxia caused by pulmonary edema
low-sodium diet to decrease water retention
fluid restriction
daily weight measurement to monitor water weight gain.
diuretics
aldosterone antagonists
beta-1-adregenregic blockers
ivabradine
Ace Inhibitors
Angiotensin II receptor blockers
Neprilysin Inhibitor, ARD combination drug
Nitrates, Isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine
Physical findings:
Pulmonary bibasilar crackles
cyanosis
S3 or S4 audible through stethoscope
diagnostic testing:
pulmonary congestion on chest x-ray caused by pulmonary Interstitial fluid.
cardiomegaly=enlarged, dilated ventricles
Elevated BNP caused by elevated water volume In bloodstream.
Elevated PCWP caused by backup of hydrostatic pressure.
LVF (Forward effects)
weak left ventricle forward pumping of blood Into the aorta, peripheral, and cerebral arteries.
Kidneys sense low circulation caused by weak forward pump of heart. Kidneys release renin. RAAS Is triggered. Blood volume Increases, blood pressure Increases. Peripheral vasoconstriction occurs. The SNS Is triggered by baroreceptors In the arterial walls caused by decreased blood pressure. SNS causes Increased HR and Vasoconstriction of peripheral arteries. These compensatory mechanisms worsen LVF.
symptoms:
cool, pale extremities
confusion, disorientation, edema, nocturia
Treatment:
fowler's position
oxygen, diuretics
low-sodium diet
fluid restriction
physical findings:
decreased peripheral pulses. cool, pale extremities
confusion, disorientation
S3 or S4 audible through stethoscope
diagnostic testing:
decreased LVEF
HR may be high
Pulses weak
RVF (backward effects)
Weak right ventricle causes back up of hydrostatic pressure Into the right atrium, superior vena cava, and jugular veins, then Into Inferior vena cava, causing venous congestion In GI, peritoneal, hepatic, and splenic veins.
Symptoms:
jugular neck vein distention
swelling (rings might feel tight)
anorexia, Indigestion, abd. swelling.
Treatment
daily weight measurement
low-sodium diet
fluid restriction
inotropic agents
diuretics
nitrates
ace Inhibitors
physical findings:
JVD
Weight gain, ascites
hepatojugular reflux, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly.
ankle or sacral edema.
ascites; shifting dullness on abd. exam.
S3 or S4.
diagnostic testing:
elevated jugular venous pressure
elevated central venous pressure
Dilutional hyponatremia
hypokalemia