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Global governance: Human rights and environmental - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Weaknesses
        
        The ICTY has been criticised for its lengthy proceedings and apparent delays - the trial of Slobodan Milosevic, the former President of Serbia, was ongoing when he died in 2006 after lasting several years from 2002
        
        The ICTY has been accused of bias and selective justice, and criticised for disproportionately targeting Serb defendants - the tribunal has indicted far more Serbs than other ethnic groups (94 of 161 indictees are Serbs)
      - Strengths
        
        Tribunals often operate independently from national governments which ensures impartiality, therefore they are not subject to political influence or bias - eg the Special Court for Sierra Leone prosecuted individuals from various sides of the civil war, including former Liberian president Charles Taylor
        
        Tribunals often prioritise the participation of victims in proceedings - eg the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia allowed victims of the Khmer Rouge regime to participate in judicial trials
    - - Weaknesses of the ICC
        
        Perception of being biased against Africans so several African nations have removed themselves from the Rome Statue - appearance of a colonial organisation (by 2020, only Africans had been convicted by the court)
        
        Cases can only be heard against states that have signed the Rome Statue (124 states), or cases referred by the UNSC - making it largely ineffective
        
        Some states are not bound by the rulings of the court - China, Russia, the US, India and Israel are not under the court's jurisdiction - 70% of the world's population are outside of the court's jurisdiction
        
        Attempts to establish a universal standard of human rights often clashes with sovereign self-interest of states
        
        A year since the ICC issued Putin's arrest warrant, no further action has been taken to arrest him
        
        Despite the ICC's warrants, al-Bashir has visited numerous countries without arrest - highlighting the ICC's challenges to enforce rulings
      - Strengths of the ICC
        
        Has secured the conviction of notorious war criminals, such as Thomas Lubanga in 2012 for using child soldiers in the Congolese civil war
        
        The ICC's arrest warrant for Putin issued in March 2023 was the first time a permanent UNSC member leader has been issued with an arrest warrant
        
        Omar al-Bashir (former president of Sudan) became the first sitting head of state to be issued an arrest warrant by the ICC in 2009 for war crimes and genocide
        
        In May 2024, the ICC announced its plans to issue arrest warrants for Israeli prime minister Netanyahu and Hamas leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity
    - - Weaknesses of the ICJ
        
        Individuals or groups cannot use the court to bring states to justice - the Gambia has taken Myanmar to the court over accusations of genocide on behalf of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (who couldn't bring the case to court themself)
        
        States have to agree to stand before the court and to be bound by its jurisdiction - in the USA vs Nicaragua case in 1986, the US chose not to subject itself to the court's ruling despite the court ruling against the US - Nicaragua turned to the UNSC to enforce the judgement, which the US, a P5 member, vetoed enforcement action
        
        The court cannot initiate cases itself
        
        There is a lack of enforceability as not all states have granted their consent - jurisdiction is not enforceable
        
        The court's advisory opinions are not binding and are therefore limited - eg the court's opinion that the wall built by Israel in occupied Palestine was illegal was ignored
        
        Criticisms of bias and a lack of separation of powers between the court and UNSC
      - Strengths of the ICJ
        
        The court's rulings carry great moral weight, the UNSC an be approached to enforce a judgement (however it is unlikely coercive action would be taken)
  - - - Failed interventions
        
        The UN intervention in Srebrenica during the Bosnian War in July 1995 failed to prevent the genocide of over 8000 Bosniak Muslim men and boys - the UN had declared the area 'safe' but failed to demilitarise the Bosnian Army
        
        The UNSC failed to authorise interventions and the proper mandate to prevent the mass killings during the Rwandan genocide in 1994
      - Successful interventions
        
        The UN intervention in the Sierra Leonean Civil War was successful in disarming combatants and helped implement the Lomé Peace Accord in 1999 - the mission also later supported the process of democratic elections in the country