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THE POLITICS OF DETENTE 1963-1979 - US-SOVIET RELATIONS 1963-1972 - Coggle…
THE POLITICS OF DETENTE 1963-1979 - US-SOVIET RELATIONS 1963-1972
Key question: To what extent did US-Soviet relations improve, 1963-72?
The USSR - US relations did improve and it created a new framework but the mistrust still remained as both believed that the Detente could be exploited to the disadvantage of the other.
Why did US-USSR relations improve in 1963?
Danger of nuclear destruction - ref. crises: Korea, Vietnam, Hungary, Berlin, Cuba...
MAD
Rediness to negotiate between the superpowers
Khruchschev's new attitude
Halting the arms race
Kennedy’s ”peace speech” 6/1962
A direct link of communication - "Hot Line" between the US and USSR instead of relying on intermediaries 6/1963
Local fact - "Hot Line" went directly through Lappeenranta
Compromises were made, common interests in mind
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 8/1963
Atmosphere, under water and outer space - not underground
PRC nor France signed
Arms controll and balance in world politics in general
USSR's stagnation in economics
Why was little progress made on arms reductions between 1964-1969?
Cuban Missile Crisis 1961
Progress towards arms control
Escalating Vietnam War and the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia 1968
Mistrust and eventually failure
PRC unactiveness in Vietnam
Glassboro Summit 1967 - agreements, but different solutions fo peace and arrms reduction
Temporary delay > SALT I 1969
Mistrust builds up first! - again
The leadership in both the USSR and the USA changed
Kennedy was assassinated in 11/1963, Khrushchev was overthrown in 1964
Khrushchchev's overthrow 10/1964
USSR Troika: Brezhnev, Kosygin and Podgorny were unable to negotiate due to domestic disaggreements
USSR attacked Czechoslovakia 1968 > a temporary delay for negotiations
How successful was the US in restricting ABM (anti-ballistic missile) development?
The US managed to make the USSR fear that the US would be able to develope ABM's strong enough to counter USSR's nuclear missiles.
The USSR demanded to add the ABM restrictions in to the SALT I 11/1969 negotiations.
MIRVS as a further threat
SALT 1970-1972 was a compromise between USA and USSR limiting ABMs and ICBMs -
What impact did PRC-US rapprochement have on USSR-US relations?
The Soviets wanted to improve relations with the US in order to prevent an alliance between US and PRC
An alliance between US and PRC would have significantly weakened the USSR
Diplomatic contacts between PRC and USA 1969-1972 = Ping-Pong diplomacy
The USSR saw the relation as a major blow
The USSR was essentially desparate but the US and PRC were not willing to cooperate. "negotiations with the USSR were 'futile'"
Deteriorating relations between USSR and PRC after 1968
1973-76 Detente between US and PRC continued
What was achieved at the Moscow Summit 5/1972?
The ABM arms limitation treaties where signed
The US and the USSR agreed to hold a conference on European security
The US agreed to allow the USSR to purchase grain and to expand bilateral trade, resulting in the Soviet-US Trade Agreement of October 1972
Situation in Vietnam (North Vietnam was now in charge) was to be solved
PRC - US r
approachment
as a context
How different were the US and Soviet interpretations of detente?
US wished to:
Stregthen relations with NATO allies
especially with FRG
Withdraw from Vietnam without major embarrassment
Create new international order
through arms control and trade
USSR would stop undermining NATO and the US
USSR wished to: :
Ostpolitik
Regognition of GDR and post war boundaries of Eastern Europe
Reduce expenditure on nuclear weapons, they found it difficult to stay on the same economic level with USA - stagnation
Encourage East-West trade to allow Soviet and Eastern European economies access to Western economy and finance
Neutralize the threat of US-PRC
maintain good relations with US and NATO
Both wished to stabalize the escalating arms race.
What is detente in Cold War international politics?
The relaxation of the superpower relations.
Stabalizing the arms race.
Ability and willingness to negotiate between the superpowers
recognising that "... differences in ideology and in the social systems of the USA and the USSR are not obstacles to the bilateral principles of sovereignty, equality, non-interference in internal affairs and mutual advantage." (Historian Raymond Gartoff)
SALT I –STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TALKS 1969
A method of decreasing the missile gap and relaxing the superpower relations
what was decided?
Arms (military power, missiles) control (NOT reduction) = supply is not increased anymore
E U R O P E A N D D E T E N T E
1963-1969
Multiple states in Western Europe starte to loosen ties to the USA
Threatened the unity of NATO
The US supported detante in Europe (but were involved in the war in Vietnam)
De Gaulle’s concept of Detante: improving relations with the USSR and encouraging states of the Warsaw pact to become more independent
Ostpolitik
Intended to reduce tension between FRG and GDR
FRG recognised GDR as a legal state and acccepted post-1945 Polish and Czechoslovakian frontiers
Moscow Treaty 8/1970
Divisions within the Warsaw pact
The life quality improved in the Soviet Union as the military expenditure decreased due to détente
Helsinki Accords, 1973-1975
THE HELSINKI CONFERENCE AND
ACCORDS, 1973-1975
The Warsaw Pact proposal on European security
collaboration (economic issues, science, and culture)
Human rights
Keeping the currently existing borders
No alteration of borders by force
WHY DID THE II COLD WAR START?
weakening of detente in Europe
Soviet nuclear missiles threatened all NATO states in Europe
Soviet invasion in Afghanistan
disagreements among the new leadership
§
USA
President Reagan's negative stance towards the USSR and detente ("evil empire", one-way street)