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GIANT COVALENT STRUCTURES AND CARBON - Coggle Diagram
GIANT COVALENT STRUCTURES AND CARBON
formed when non-metal atoms combine with covalent bonds but instead of forming simple molecules, the structure is a giant 3D lattice
these structures usually involve carbon and silicon
ALLOTROPES
- different forms of the same element; the structure of each allotrope determines its properties
GIANT COVALENT STRUCTURES:
Diamond
Graphite
Graphene
Fullerene
DIAMOND
doesn't conduct electricity as no free charged particles
not volatile
high melting/boiling points as covalent bonds are strong
insoluble in water
4 strong single covalent bonds with 4 other carbon atoms
insoluble in non-polar solvents
GRAPHITE
the forces of attraction holding the atoms within the layers are strong but, the forces of attraction between the layers are weak and the electrons forming, this bond are delocalised and free to move throughout the gap between the layers - so conducts electricity in the direction of the layers
not volatile
high melting/boiling points as bonds are strong
insoluble in water
3 strong covalent bonds with 3 other carbon atoms, arranged in a hexagonal layer & a weak, delocalised covalent bond between adjacent layers of carbon atom
insoluble in non-polar solvents
GRAPHENE
excellent conductors of electricity
very low volatility
melting/boiling points are very high as covalent bonds are strong
insoluble in water
graphene can be arranged as a sheet or as tubes (carbon nanotubes) and are very strong (200X stronger than steel)
insoluble in non-polar solvents
individual layers of graphite are called graphene; graphene is very thin and has delocalised electrons which are free to move across its surface
FULLERENE
fullerene's conduct electricity within the molecules, but not from molecule to molecule, so they are generally considered to be insulators
volatility decreases with increasing cage size
melting/boiling points are low as there are only weak intermolecular forces
only slightly soluble in water
fullerene's form when sheets of graphene roll up into cages; e.g. Buckermisterfullerene, containing 60 carbon atoms
generally insoluble in non-polar solvents