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Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Diagnosis - early detection via self-examination and mammography, a type of X-ray examination
      - Treatment: radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery often followed by radiation or chemotherapy to destroy stray cells; drugs for estrogen-responsive cancers
        
        Lumpectomy: less invasive and excises only cancerous lump
      - Risk Factors
        
        early onset of menstruation and late menopause
        
        no pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life
        
        family history of breast cancer
  - - - Parasitic infection that is more common in women than men - Symptoms: 70% of women have no symptoms but 30% have yellow-green vaginal discharge with strong odor
    - - Bacteria infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts
        
        caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
        
        in males, symptoms can include urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus from penis
        
        in females, symptoms can include abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, or abnormal uterine bleeding and possible urethral symptoms
    - - bacterial infection
        Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and can be contracted from birth canal by newborns
        
        left untreated can lead to sterility
    - - Bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally
        
        caused by Treponema pallidum
        
        infected fetuses can be stillborn or die shortly after birth
  - - - cause by genital warts - 80% of cases of invasive cervical cancer are linked to some strains of HPV
        
        vaccination can guard against most common cancer-causing strains
        
        recommended for boys and girls before beoming sexually active
    - - caused by herpes simplex virus
        
        most people do not know they are infected
        
        characterized by latent period and flareups with vesicle formation
        
        can be passed on to fetus
- - - - secretes milky, slightly acid fluid - plays a role in sperm activation; 33% of semen volume
    - - Produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid - duct of seminal gland joins vas deferens to form ejaculatory duct ; 70% volume of semen
    - - produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
        
        neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra
- - - - Infundibulum: funnel-shaped opening into the peritoneal cavity
        
        margin contains ciliated projections called fimbriae that drape over ovary
        
        oocyte is carried along toward uterus by smooth muscle peristalsis and ciliary action
  - - - Tiny saclike structures embedded in cortex
    - - anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall - suspensory ligament and mesovarium are part of broad ligament that supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
    - - anchors ovary medially to uterus
  - - - Body: major portion | Fundus: rounded superior region
        Isthmus: narrowed inferior region
        Cervix: narrow neck or outlet; projects into vagina
        Cervical canal communicates with: vagina via external os & uterine tube via internal os
    - - Perimetrium: outermost serous layer
        Myometrium: middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
        Endometrium: mucosal lining
        
        fertilized egg burrows into endometrium and resides there during pregnancy
  - - - Areola: pigmented skin surrounding nipple
- - - - Begins in Fetal Period
        ⇾ oogonia (diploid stem cells) divide by mitosis to produce
        ⇾ primary oocytes that undergo meiosis I to produce
        ⇾ secondary oocytes that undergo meiosis II to produce
        ⇾ Ova
  - - - inbetween follicular and luteal phase
        
        ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte with its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
    - - Several vesicular (antral) follicles become sensitive to FSH and are stimulated to grow
        
        one dominant follicle becomes especially sensitive to FSH
        
        primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte and first polar body
  - - - endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
        
        if fertilization does not occur:
        
        corpus luteum degenerates toward end of secretory phase; progesterone levels fall
        
        endometrial cells die and glands regress
        
        blood vessels fragment, and functional layer sloughs off and uterine cycle starts all over again on first day of menstruation
    - - rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer
        
        estrogen also increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
        
        ovulation occurs at end of proliferative phase on day 14
    - - Gonadotropin levels are beginning to rise
        
        stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall and is shed
        
        menstrual flow of blood and tissue lasts 3–5 days
        
        by day 5, growing ovarian follicles start to produce more estrogen
- - - - Exert negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
      - prompts spermatogenesis and targets all accessory organs
      - Features induced in non-reproductive organs by male sex hormones
  - - - exert anabolic effect on female reporductive tract
      - support rapid short-lived growth spurts at puberty
      - promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
      - induce secondary sex characteristics
      - Maintains low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels
    - - establish and regulate uterine cycle
        
        Promotes changes in cervial mucus
        
        effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy
  - - - Released from hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells via hypophyseal portal system
    - - Gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
    - - Released from gonads of male and female - exerts negative feedback on FSH release from anterior pituitary
- - - - Surgical; 0.2% (CND) | 0.8% (Copper)
        objects implanted in the uterus; are either toxic to sperm and egg cells or prevents implantation of embryo by inhibiting growth of endometrium
    - - Surgical; 0.15 % of pregnancy
        Removal of a small portion of the vas deferens, preventing sperm from entering semen
    - - Surgical; 0.5% of pregnancy
        Cutting of the Uterine Tubes
  - - - Surgical; 4%
        injection of a progesterone derivative prevents follicle maturation and ovulation; works for 3 months
    - - Chemical; 8%
        prevent pregnancy by interfering w/ ovulation, fertilization, and/or implantation of the fertilized egg
    - - Mechanical; 12%
        Silicone cup that is inserted in the vagina hours before pregnancy
  - - - Mechanical; 13%
        on the penis; prevents sperm from entering vagina during sexual intercourse
    - - Behavioral; 24%
        abstinence from sexual intercourse around time of ovulation
    - - Behavioral; 20%
        withdrawal of penis from vagina before ejaculation; some sperm may reach vagina before ejaculation
    - - Mechanical; 21%
        in the vagina; prevents sperm from entering vagina during sexual intercourse
    - - Chemical; 28%
        chemical that kills sperm; comes in forms of cream, foams, and jellies