Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
UPPER AIRWAYS - Coggle Diagram
UPPER AIRWAYS
LARYNX
-
-
SQUAMOUS PAPILLOMA
- benign neoplasm
- true vocal cords
- soft, exophytic proliferations
- multiple finger-like projections supported by central fibrovascular cores
- trauma may lead to ulceration, accompanied by hemoptysis
- HPV infectioin association
- rare transformation to SCC
- papillomatosis if multiple
CARCINOMA
-
risk factors:
- alcohol
- tobacco
- nutritional factors
- asbestos exposure
- irradiation
- HPV infection
clinics
- more common in men within the sixth decade of life
- persistent hoarseness, dysphagia and dysphonia
- prognosis related to clinical stage
- organ-preserving techniques (laser surgery, microsurgery, RT) in early disease; CT+RT
(+/- larygnectomy) typically required form more advanced disease
pathology
macro:
irregular verrucous or fungatd
white-pink mass, ulcerated plaque
micro:
- typical SCC, similar to those in the lungs,
- always keratinizing,
- squamous hyperplasia, foci of dysplasia or carcinoma in situ in adjacent mucosae
NOSE
INFLAMMATORY LESIONS
-
-
chronic rhinitis
-
-
-
micro: neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells
-
NASAL POLYPS
-
-
micro: edematous mucosa with loose stroma, hyperplastic or cystic mucous gland, infiltrates of neutrophils, eosinophils and plasma cells
in the absence of bacterial infection, the mucosal surface is intact, but it may become ulcerated
-
NASOPHARYNX
-
TUMORS
-
sinonasal papilloma
- benign
- origin from the respiratory mucosa lining the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
- locally aggressive
- malignant transformation in 10% of cases
forms:
- exophytic
- endophytic
- oncocytic
olfactory
neuroblastoma
- origin from neuroectodermal olfactory cells within the mucosa
- micro: small, blue, round cell neoplasms
- neuroendocrine differentiation
NUT midline carcinoma
- uncommon tumor
- involvement of structures of the midline of the thorax/abdomen
- from infancy to late adulthood
- translocations NUT-BRD4 genes
- squamous differentiation
- NUT IHC+
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- distinctive geographic distribution
- close anatomic relationship to lymphoid tissie
- EBV infection associated
- highly aggressive
- divergent therapeutic responses (keratinizing<<undifferentiated)
aboundant lymphocytes, predominantly T cells, EBV-encoded RNAs with EBER1 or proteins like LMP1 identified in the malignant epithelial cells
histological patterns:
- keratinizing SCC
- non-keratinizing SCCs
(undifferentiated)
- basaloid SCCs