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10 RELIGIOUS REFORMS AND HISPANIC DOMINANCE 01 RELIGIOUS REFORMS, image,…
10 RELIGIOUS REFORMS AND HISPANIC DOMINANCE
01 RELIGIOUS REFORMS
1 THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CRISIS
At the beginning of the Modern Age
Catholic Church was being challenged
Humanism emphasised the value of humans and promoted individual interpretation of the Bible
The development of authoritarian monarchies meant that monarchs had more control over the Church, weakening the authority of the pope.
buying and selling of indulgences was introduced
sins could be pardoned in exchange for money given to the Church
There were many other harmful practices at the heart of the Church
Living humbly
high clergy was very wealthy,
Clergymen from noble and wealthy middle-class families owned large properties and also benefited from tithe payments.
Correcting moraal standars
did not honour their religious vows
not able to give proper spiritual guidance to their parishioners.
Preventing corruption
Clergymen engaged in corrupt practices
2 THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
first religious reform of the 16th century
started by the German friar Martin Luther
opposed Pope Leo X’s proposal to grant indulgences in exchange for money to build St
Luther then developed his own doctrine based on individual Christianity.
Lutheran ideas spread throughout the Holy Roman Empire
Emperor Carlos V intervened
two imperial assamblies
Diet of Worms
Diet of Speyer
They therefore became known as Protestants
LUTHERAN DOCTRINE
Salvation through faith
To save your soul, you only needed to have very strong faith
Free interpretation of the Bible
Anyone could interpret the Bible’s message.
Reformation of the sacraments
Reformation of the sacraments
only two sacraments: Baptism and the Eucharist.
Universal priesthood.
rejected the hierarchy of the Catholic Church and the authority of the pope
Religious orders
worship of images of the Virgin Mary and saints were prohibited.
CATHOLIC DOCTRINE
To achieve salvation, you must have faith, follow all precepts
and do good works
The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was the only valid interpretation.
Catholicism had seven sacraments:
Confirmation
Baptism
the Eucharist
Penance
Anointing of the Sick
Matrimony
Holy Order
The Catholic Church had a well-defined hierarchical structure separating the high and low clergy, with many different ranks whose members had to be celibate.
Religious and military orders, and worshipping the Virgin Mary and saints were very important.
CALVINISM
Protestant ideas spread throughout Europe and reached the cantons of the Swiss Confederation, where they became even more radical.
A French priest called John Calvin established a theocracy in Geneva.
1509–1564
Strict adherence to the Bible
only expression of God’s will
Belief in predestination.
born predestined either to be saved or condemned
Humility and austerity
financial and social success were not punished.
MIGUEL SERVET AND THE CALVINISTS
He was arrested in Geneva, where he was.
burnt at the stake as a result of his confrontation with the Calvinists
He denied the dogma of the Trinity
defended baptism in adulthood, not in infancy, so that it was a mature and conscious decision.
THE INFLUENCE OF CALVINISM
Calvinists in France were called Huguenots
Religious conflicts between Huguenots and Catholics caused instability, violence and wars in France
Calvinists in the Low Countries, Scotland and England were called Puritans
Puritanism developed here of dissatisfaction with the lack of judgement established by the English Reformation.
. They believed that the Church of England needed to be purified of the influence of Catholicism
THE ENGLISH REFORMATION
England
religious reform was more politically motivated than theologically motivated
King Henry VIII asked the Catholic Church to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragón so that he could marry Anne Boleyn.
pope refused
Act of Supremacy (1534) was passed
act granted Henry VIII royal supremacy, meaning he became head of the Church of England
separated from the Catholic Church.
Church’s power was diminished under the English monarchs.
THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION: THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
The Catholic Church tried to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation
The Catholic Church tried to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation
called the Counter-Reformation
The Council of Trent
a programme of changes
was formulated in response to the Protestant Reformation,
main agreements reached were:
The Church’s hierarchical structure was reaffirmed
with the pope as its head.
Catholic dogma (indisputable principles) was also reaffirmed
One of the most important principles was that salvation was achieved through faith and good works.
The Vulgate Bible was the only valid version
Catholic Church’s interpretation of it was the only correct one.
The seven sacraments and worship of the Virgin Mary and saints were maintained.
THE COUNCIL OF TRENT
in the Italian city of Trent, between 1545 and 1563
