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10.01 RELIGIOUS REFORMS, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…
10.01 RELIGIOUS REFORMS
1 THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CRISIS
The Catholic Church was being challenged
Humanism emphasised the value of humans
It also promoted individual interpretation of the Bible
Monarch had more control over the church, they weakened the authority of the pope
Sins could be pardoned in exchange for money given to the church
Catholics no longer feared going to hell
Many harmul practies:
Living humbly
Correcting moral standars
Preventing corruption
The Church was resistant to change
The Church needed to be reformed because of its sins
Erasmus of Rotterdam and Cardinal Cisneros wanted to change the Church
Finally they achieved what they wanted to do
The Church became more modern thanks to important figures such as Rotterdam and Cisneros
2 THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION: The Lutheran Reformation
THE LUTHERAN REFORMATION
The first religious reform in the 16th century
Started by a German called Martin Luther
MARTIN LUTHER
He opposed Pope Leo X's proposal
He wrote his Ninety five Theses to criticising indulgences
The Theses were circulated quickly (Printing Press)
Then Lutheran ideas spread throughout the Holy Roman Empire
Expelled from the Christian community
This happened because Pope Leo X wanted Luther to retract the Theses and this one refused
So he based on individual Christianity
Carlos V condemned Lutheranism
Divided in two imperial assemblies
Then reformist princes and 14 cities protested the condemnation (Protestants)
After this, hostilities between Protestant and Catholic princes began
LUTHERAN DOCTRINE
Salvation through faith
Free interpretation of the Bible
Reformation of the sacraments
Universal priesthood
Religious orders
CATHOLIC DOCTRINE
Follow precepts
Such as sacraments
Good works
Such as paying for indulgences
The Bible was interpretated by the Church
It was the only valid interpretation
Seven(7) sacraments
Baptism
Confrimation
The Eucharist
Penance
Anointing of the Sick
Matrimony
Holy orders
The Catholic Church had a good hierarchical structure
Its members had to be celibate
2 THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION: Calvinism
JOHN CALVIN: A French priest
He established a theocracy in Geneva
Based on the following principles:
Strict adherence to the Bible
Belief in predestination
Humility and Austerity
MIGUEL SERVET AND THE CALVINISTS: Spanish humanist
Arrested and burnt in Geneva
Because he confronted them
2 THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION: The English Reformation
Politically motivated
Henry VIII asked the Catholic Chruch to annul his marriage
So he could marry Anne Boleyn
Henry became head of the Church of England
Then, Church's power was under the English monarchs
2 THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION: The influence of calvinism
Calvinists in France
Huguenots
In the 16th century, there where religious conflicts between Huguenots and Catholics
Puritans where those of Low Countries
They believed that the Church of England needed to be purified of the influence of Catholicism.
3 THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION: THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
The Catholic Church tried to stop the Protestant Reformation
So they carried an internal reform called Counter-Reformation
The Council of Trent was held
The Catholic Church made agreements to stop the crisis between them and the Protestant R.
The hierarchical structure was reaffirmed
The Vulgate Bible was the only valid interpretation of the Bible
They mantained the 7 sacraments
Pope Leo X
Martin Luther
John Calvin
Miguel Servet
Henry VIII
Puritans
Erasmus of Rotterdam
Cardinal Cisneros
The Council of Trent
Catholic Church's hierarchical structure
