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Schizophrenia - Coggle Diagram

- - - - hallucinations- sensory experiences with no basis in reality
      - delusions- beliefs not based on reality
    - - avolition- loss of motivation
      - speech poverty- affects frequency and quality
  - - - Cheniaux et al- inter rater reliability is poor, two psychiatrists rated 100 participants with DSM and ICD
    - - different diagnostic systems dont agree on who has schizophrenia, universal validity is poor
    - - Buckley et al- around half of patients also have another diagnosis (depression, substance abuse)
    - - there is major overlap between the symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and different diagnosis with ICD and DSM
    - - Longenecker- since the 1980s more men than women have received a diagnosis of schizophrenia, suggested there is bias in diagnosis with women being underdiagnosed due to good interpersonal functioning
    - - differential diagnosis may be a bias because cultural norms in black communities are misinterpreted or perhaps because of distrust of black patients by white clinicians