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Cognitive Approach - Cognitive Processing - Coggle Diagram
Cognitive Approach - Cognitive Processing
Models of Memory
Multi-store Model
Atkinson & Schiffrin's
Sensory memory
modality specific
sensory store - touch, taste, smell, sight, sound
Doesnt process the info + has very limited duration/capacity
Info either decays (95-99% lost) or goes into STM due to how much attention you give it
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal
(rote recall, acoustic encoding)
Keeps info in our STM
Elaborative rehearsal
transfers to LTM adding meaning - takes longer
(semantic encoding)
How do we forget?
Displacement - STM
Interfernece - LTM
Decay - LTM
Working memory Model
Centrual Exectutive
Boss of the working memory
Deals with cognitive tasks such as mental arithmetic and problem solving
Allocates data to the subsystems
Episodic Buffer
general store space for extra storage of LTM/STM
Integrates info into single 'episode'
Visuospatial sketch pad
Stores and processes information in a visual or spatial form
Used for navigation
(inner eye)
Phonological loop
Articulatory control system
(inner voice)
Processes speech production, allows us to repeat verbal information in a loop
Phonological store
(inner ear)
Stores spoken words we hear for 1-2 seconds
Badelegy et al -
World Length Effect
Warrington and Shallice's
- Case of KF
HM: Milner (1966)
Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)
Craik and Lockhart's (1972)
Deep processing - deeply analysising inormation (meaning and importance)
Shallow processing - processing information onlyin terms of its surface structure
Levels of processing theory of memory
Landry and Bartling (2011)
Replication
articulatory suppression
Miller's Magic Number 7 (1956)
Schema Theory
A concept/framework, built up from experience, about an object, event, person or group. Schemas simplify reality, sets up expectations about what is probable, and influences the way we intepret, organize, communicate, and remeber information
Scripts
Schema about events in time rather than schema for objects.
How to go to dinner in a restaurant
The order of what you do on christmas day
What makes a romantic date
When events don't follow our scripts, we can become frustrated, angry, disappointed, or simply confused
Accomodation
Existing schema is
replaced
Assimilation
When you add information to your schema
Brewer + Treyens (1981)
Retrieval (of objects in an office)
War of the Ghosts Bartlett (1932)
Serial + Repeated Production
Anderson and Pichert (1977)
Retrieval (of home buyer vs burglar)
Thinking and Decision Making
Dual Processing Theory
A model of thgink and decision making that proposes that there are
two
basic modes of thinking
System 1:
Focuses on what it sees, ignores abstrct evidence
Bases decisions on past experience and knowledge, pre-established schema
Quick but prone to error
Generates impressions
Employs Heuristics
Quick
System 2:
Requires concentration and effort
Works with abstract concepts
Work through logic
Uses conscious reasoning
More reliable, but slow
Simplistic
Watson Selection Task
Wason (1968)
The dual Process Model
Goel et al (2000)
Gilbert and Gill (2000)
Stanovich and West (2000)
