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Enzymes;, Inhibitors;, Precursors and cofactors; - Coggle Diagram
Enzymes;
Factors affecting activity;
Temperature...
Denatures past the optimum.
More kinetic energy = more vibrations = bonds strain and break.
Below activation, reaction won't start.
pH...
Optimum pH = renaturation.
low or high pH = enzyme shape changes = denaturation.
Substrate concentration...
Conc increases = enzyme-substrate complex increases = rate increases.
Vmax...
All active sites occupied by substrate molecules.
Can only increase rate by increasing enzyme conc or increasing temperature.
Enzyme concentration...
Enzyme-substrate complex formation increases, rate increases.
Extracellular enzymes;
Trypsin...
Breaks down proteins into smaller peptides into amino acids.
Amylase...
Starch broken down into maltose.
Produced by salivary glands and pancreas.
Maltase...
Maltose broken into glucose, small intestine.
Amylase and maltase both involved in starch digestion.
Intracellular enzymes;
Catalase...
Breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water.
Works within the cell.
Induced fit;
Enzyme active site changes when substrate enters it.
Lock and key hypothesis;
Complementary tertiary shape for a certain substrate.
Enzyme-substrate complex is formed.
Enzyme-product complex, product is then released.
Inhibitors;
Non-competitive inhibitors;
Proton pump inhibitor...
Irreversibly inhibit enzymes that produce stomach acid.
Organophosphates in herbicides and insecticides.
Inhibits enzyme needed for nerve impulse transmission.
Binds to allosteric site.
Active site changes.
Enzyme-substrate complex can't form.
Enzyme = inhibited.
Competitive inhibitors;
Aspirin...
Irreversibly inhibits active site of cox enzymes.
Prevents prostaglandin and the thromboxane synthesis.
Responsible for producing fever and pain.
Similar shape to the active siete.
Blocks the substrate from binding.
No enzyme-substrate complex formed.
Statins...
Inhibits cholesterol synthesis enzymes.
Reduces blood cholesterol concentration.
End-product inhibition;
Reaction production is an enzyme inhibitor.
Precursors and cofactors;
Cofactors;
Prosthetic group...
A cofactor which is needed for the enzyme to catalyse reactions.
Very tightly bound to the enzyme.
EG; Zn+, carbonic anhydrase prosthetic group.
Inorganic factor...
From diet.
Cofactor is organic molecule = coenzyme.
Non-protein components that act as helpers for enzymes.
Precursors activation;
Inactive precursor enzyme = apoenzyme.
Tertiary structure needs to be changed to activate the active site.
Cofactor gets added to apoenzyme.
Forms haloenzyme = catalytically activated.