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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, RESPIRATORY VOLUME, HOMOSTATIC IMBALANCES - Coggle…

- - - - intrapleural: pressure in pleural cavity; Pip; negative pressure (-4 mm Hg) so its less than Patm
        
        surface tension of alveolar fluid
        
        type ii: makes surfactant
        
        surfactant: oily secretion; contains phospholipids & proteins
        
        lungs tendency to recoil
      - intrapulmonary: Ppul, equalizes with Patm
      - transpulmonary; = Ppul - Pip; keeps lungs from collapsing
      - atmospheric p: Patm, 760 mm Hg at sea level
    - - alveolar surface tension:
      - lung compliance:
      - airway resistance: resistance to gas flow in respiratory passageways
  - - - partial pressure of O2 & CO2: pressure exerted by each gas in mixture; directly proportional to it percentage in mixture
        
        steep partial pressure of O2 exists between blood & lungs; venous blood Po2 = 40 mm Hg, alveolar Po2 = 104 mm Hg
        
        partial pressure of CO2 is less steep; venus blood Pco2 = 45 mm Hg, alveolar Pco2 = 40 mm Hg
    - - ventilation-perfusion: matching of alveolar ventilation with pulmonary blood perfusion
        
        ventilation: amount of gas reaching alveoli
        
        Pco2 controls ventilation by changing bronchiolar diameter
        
        perfusion: blood flow reaching alveoli
        
        Po2 controls perfusion by changing arteriolar diameter
  - - - Bohr effect: the more co2, the more carbonic acid, the more o2 is unloaded; same with increased temperature
- - - - epithelium: line exchange surfaces very delicate, simple squamous, contains scattered specialized cells
      - macrophages: engulf small particles that reach lungs
- - - - parietal
      - visceral
- - - - laryngopharynx: inferior portion; between hyoid bone and entrance to larynx & esophagus
      - oropharynx: connect to oral cavity
      - nasopharynx: superior portion of pharynx
    - - nasal septum: divides cavity into l. & r. sides
      - olfactory region: in superior portion of nasal cavity and provides a sense of snell
      - hard palate: forms floor of nasal cavity; separates nasal and oral cavities
      - soft palate: extends posterior to hard palate; divides superior nasopharynx from rest of pharynx
    - - nasal hairs: in epithelium of vestibule; traps large particles in air
      - nostrils
        
        nasal vestibule
        
        choanae: opening of nasal cavity
        
        nasal meatuses: narrow passageways that produce air turbulence that trap particles in mucus, warm/humidify air; bring olfactory stimuli to olfactory receptors
  - - - glottis: slit-like opening between vocal cord; where air flows from pharynx to larynx
      - cartilage:
        
        epiglottis: elastic cartilage: covers glottis when swallowing and prevent food from going down respiratory systen
        
        cricoid: hyaline cartilage: form posterior portion: supports & protects glottis and entrance to trachea
        
        thyroid: hyaline cartilage; forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx; responsible for adam's apple; supports and protect glottis & entrance to trachea
      - vocal folds
        
        cornulate
        
        cuneiform
    - - 15-20 C shaped tracheal cartilage: stiffens walls and protects airway;
      - r. & l. main bronchus
        
        lobar bronchi: supplies lobes of lungs
        
        segmental bronchi: each supplies air to 1 bronchopulmonary segment; right has 10, left has 8-9
      - carina: ridge that separates opening of r. & l. main bronchi at junction