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U2 AC 2.2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Describes how some measurable tendencies may lead to criminality
      - Studies suggest that offenders to tend towards high E, P and N scores
    - - Farrington Studies show that prisoners are not often extroverted
      - E measures two separate things - impulsiveness and sociability. These things don't always correspond
      - Personality type and criminality are correlated, but this doesn't prove personality types cause criminality
      - Convicted offenders may not be typical of offenders on the whole
      - Eysenck used self-report questionnaires - people may lie making results invalid
- - - - Weaknesses
        
        Not everyone exposed to criminal influences becomes criminal
      - Strengths
        
        Crime often runs in families
        
        Matthews: Juvenile delinquents are more likely to have friends who commit anti-social acts - they learn from peer groups
  - - - Strengths
        
        If a behaviour results in a reward it will be repeated. If it results in an undesirable outcome it will not
        
        Jeffery: DRT suggests that crime must therefore have more rewards for criminals than punishments
      - Weaknesses
        
        Theories ignore mental processes such as thinking, attitudes and values
        
        Ignores free will of humans - Deterministic
  - - - Strengths
        
        Takes account of our social nature - we learn from others' experiences
        
        Bandura's study shows importance of role models in learning deviance
      - Weaknesses
        
        Based on lab studies so lacks validity
        
        Not all observed behaviour is easily imitated - we may see criminals rewarded but lack the skills to copy
        
        Ignores free will of humans - Deterministic
- - - - Stengths
        
        This has led to other research. E.g. PICTS
        
        Successful treatments. E.g. CBT have been developed from these ideas
      - Weaknesses
        
        Yochelson and Samehow didn't use a control group of non-criminals to compare thinking errors with
        
        Their sample was unrepresentative- only males, and mostly in psychiatric hospitals. Can't account for all criminals
        
        High sample attrition rate - only 30 left in study by the end
  - - - Strengths
        
        Some studies support delinquents having less mature stage of moral development
        
        Found the theory to be truer for planned crimes such as theft and robbery than impulsive crimes like violence
      - Weaknesses
        
        Focuses on moral thinking rather than moral behaviour. Someone may be perfectly capable of thinking morally, while acting immorally
- - - - Strengths
        
        Shows the importance of parent-child relationships in criminality
        
        Backed up with evidence from the 44 thieves study
      - Weaknesses
        
        Doesn't explain why 61% were not delinquent
        
        Sammons and Putwain: Maternal deprivation not linked to criminality
        
        Retrospective studies rely on memory
  - - - Weaknesses
        
        Unscientific and subjective - relies on accepting claims of a psychoanalyst about he unconscious mind of someone else
      - Strengths
        
        Critics doubt the existence of the unconscious mind
        
        Points of importance of socialisation and early family relationships in understanding criminal behaviour
        
        Some influence on policies for dealing with crime and deviance