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Reproductive system by Lucy Herrera Per . 5 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive system by Lucy Herrera Per
. 5
7. Methods and Classification of contraceptives
Diaphragm:
a circular dome made of soft thin silicone
Mode of protection: mechanical
Effectiveness: 12 pregnancies occur out of 100 women
Side effects: irritation, allergic reactions, urinary tract infection
Internal condom:
Little nitrile pouches that you put a vagina
Mode of protection: mechanical
effectiveness: 21 pregnancies occur out of 100 women
Side effects: discomfort/pain during sex, Burning sensation
Pill:
used to prevent pregnancy. It contains horror moans that block the release of eggs from ovaries
Mode of protection: behavioral and chemical
effectiveness: my swallow a pill every day, nine pregnancies occur out of 100 women
Side effects: spotting/bleeding, headache, nausea
External condom:
I've been covering that fits over a hard penis
Mode of protection: mechanical
effectiveness: 18 pregnancies occur out of 100 women
Side effects: irritation, allergic reactions
Injectables:
the shot that prevents pregnancy by stopping the egg from being released from the ovary
Mode of protection: Chemical and behavioral
effectiveness: need a shot every three months
Side effects: headaches, weight gain, dizziness, nervousness
Fertility awareness:
a way to try to prevent pregnancy by not having sex around ovulation time
Mode of protection: mechanical or behavioral
effectiveness: 24 out of 100 women get pregnant from using this
Side effects: no side effects
IUD:
a piece of tea shaped plastic about the size of a quarter that is placed inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy
Mode of protection: mechanical
effectiveness: six pregnancies are expected out of 100 women
Side effects: cramps, spotting between periods, long periods
Withdrawal:
A man removes his penis from the vagina and away from the external genitalia of the female partner before ejaculation
Mode of protection: mechanical or behavioral
effectiveness: 20 out of 100 women get pregnant
Side effects: no side effects
Male Sterilization:
cutting and tying of the epididymis to prevent sperm from traveling out of the Body
Mode of protection: Surgical
effectiveness: less than one pregnancy expected after it
Side effects: pain, bleeding, infection
Spermicides:
mechanically blocking the cervix and chemically destroying sperm
Mode of protection: mechanical
effectiveness: 12 to 24 women get pregnant out of 100
Side effects: irritation
Female Sterilization:
Cutting and tying of the fallopian tubes. Surgical sterilization.
Mode of protection: surgical
effectiveness: less than one pregnancy occurs
side effects:infections, complications after surgery, pain, bleeding
6. Disorders associated with the reproductive system (including STI’s)
Viral Sexually Transmitted Infection:
Human Papillomavirus (HPV):
- over 50% of adults are infected during their lifetime
cause of genital warts
80% of causes of invasive cervical cancer are linked to some strains of HPV
vaccination can guard against most common cancer causing strains
Genital Herpes:
caused by herpes simplex virus
one of the most difficult human pathogens to control because most do not know they are infected
only 15% display signs of infection
Puberty:
When reproductive organs grow to adult size and become functional
occurs in response to rising levels of gonadal hormones
secondary sex characteristics also appear
earliest time reproduction is possible
Bacterial & Parasitic Sexually transmitted Infections
Trichomoniasis:
parasitic infection that is most common in women than men
easily and inexpensively treated
symptoms: 70% of women have no symptoms
, 30% have yellow green vaginal discharge with a strong odor
Gonorrhea:
bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tract
Caused by neisseria gonorrheae
most infections are asymptomatic
in males, symptoms can include urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus from penis
in females symptoms can include abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, or abnormal uterine bleeding
Chlamydia:
caused by chlamydia trachomatis
can be contracted from birth canal by newborns
-responsible for 25 to 50% of all diagnose causes of pelvic inflammatory disease
symptoms include: urethritis; penile and vaginal discharge; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain; painful intercourse; irregular menese
20% of women and 10% of men have symptoms
if left untreated it can lead to sterility
Syphilis:
bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally
caused by treponema pallidum
infected fetuses can be stillborn or die shortly after birth
Bacteria invades mucosae or even broken skin
infection is asymptomatic for 2 to 3 weeks and then painless chance appears at site of infection
if untreated secondary signs appear weeks later
-pink skin rash, fever, and joint pain can develop
-appear for 3 to 12 weeks then disappear
Menopause:
has occurred when meneses have ceased for an entire year
no equivalent to menopause in males
declining estrogen levels cause:
-atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts
-irritability and depression in some
-hot flashes as skin blood vessels undergo intense vasodilation
-Gradual thinning of the skin and bone loss
-increase total blood cholesterol levels and falling HPL
2. Anatomy of male reproductive structures:
Penis:
Male copulary organ
External genitalia: scrotum and penis
penis consist of :
-root and shaft that ends in glans penis
-prepuce, or foreskin: cuff of loose skin covering glands
Cprpus spongiosum:
around urethra and expands to form glands and bulb of penis
Corpora Cavernosa:
paired dorsal erectile bodies
Seminal glands:
contain smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation
produces vigorous alkaline seminal fluid
duct of seminal gland joins ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
Testes:
each testis is surrounded by two tunics
Tunica vaginalis:
outer layer derived from peritoneum
Tunica albuginea:
inner layer forms fibrous capsule
Prostate:
incircles urethra inferior to bladder
consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation
secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid
Scrotum:
sac of skin and superficial fascia
hangs outside abdominal pelvic cavity at route of penis
contains paired testes
midline septum divide scrotum into two compartments one for each testis
scrotum is affected by temperature changes
bulbo- urethral glands:
- produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
Male Duct System:
accessory ducts carry sperm from Tasteas to body exterior
epididymis - where sperm matures
ductus deferens - passes through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity
ejaculatory duct
urethra - convey both urine and semen at different times
1. Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)
Male Reproductive system:
The male reproductive system has a specialized cell for sexual reproduction which are called gametes.
Sperm:
gametes for males
Spermatogenesis:
process of forming male gametes
-occurs in the seminiferous tubules
-begins at puberty, around 14 years of age
-adult males make approximately 90 million sperm daily
Female Reproductive System:
The female reproductive system as a specialize cell for sexual reproduction which are called gametes.
Ova(eggs):
teammates in females
-
Varies:
Female gonads
-produce female gametes (ova)
-secrete female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone
Internal Genitalia:
located in the pelvic cavity; include ovaries and duct system
3. Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Uterus:
hollow, thick walled, muscular organ
function is to remove, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum
regions of the uterus:
-Body: major portion
-Fundus: rounded superior region
-Isthmus: narrowed inferior region
-Cervial canal: communicates with vagina
Vagina:
thick walled tube 8-10cm in length
function as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ of copulation
vaginal secretions are acidic in adult females
Uterine Tubes:
receive ovulated oocytes and are usual site of fertilization
Mammary Glands:
are present in both male and female but normally function only in females.
main function is milk production to nourish newborn
modified sweat glands consisting of 15 to 20 lobes
Areola: pigmented skin surrounding nipple
Ovaries:
paired structures flank the uterus, or almond shaped and about twice as large
each ovary is held in place by several ligaments
-
Ovarian ligament:
Anchors over immediately to uterus
-
Suspensory ligament:
Anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
Ovarian follicles:
tiny saclike structures embedded in cortex
External Genitalia:
female external genitalia also called vulva or pudendum include:
mons pubis:
fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis
Labia majora:
hair covered, fatty skin folds
labia minora:
skinfolds lying within labia majora
Vestibule:
recess within labia minora
Clitoris:
anterior to vestibule
5. Events of the female hormonal cycles (be sure to include all categories)
Follicular phase:
during follicular phase several Vesicular follicles become sensitive to FSH and are stimulated to grow
ovulation:
in between follicular and luteal phase
ballooning over a wall ruptures expelling secondary oocyte with its Corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
Ovarian Cycle:
Play approximately 28 days series of events associated with maturation of egg.
two consecutive phases with ovulation occurring mid cycle between phases
-
Follicular chase:
period of vesicular follicle growth (day 1-140
-
Luteal phase:
period of corpus lute activity (day 14-28)
Luteal Phase:
after ovulation ruptured follicles collapse and Antrum fills with clotted blood
meaning salads from corpus luteum
Hormonal Regulation of the Ovarian Cycle:
1. GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
Negative feedback inhibits Gonadotropin release
Positive feedback stimulates gondadotropin release
Lh surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
Negative feedback inhibits LH & FSH release
The Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle:
Cylci series of changes in the endometrium that occur in response to fluctuating ovarian hormone levels
day 1-5: Menstrual phase
day 6-14: Proliferative (provulatory) phase
day 15-28: Secretory (Preovulatory) Phase
2. Day 6-14: Proliferative (provulatory) phase
rising estrogen levels prompt generation of New stratum functionalists layer
-as layer thickens, glands in large, and spiral arteries increase in numbers
3. Day 15-28: Secretory (Preovulatory) Phase
phase that is most consistent induration
endothelium prepares for embryo to implant
1. Day 1-5: Menstrual phase
ovarian hormones are at lowest level
gonadotropin levels are beginning to rise
stratum functionalists detach from uterine wall and is shed
4. Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)
Male Hormones:
Hypothalamic- pituitary- gonadal (HPG) axis
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
-released from hypothalamus which is anterior pituitary cells via hypophyseal portal system
Follicle- stimulating hormones (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
sex hormones: testosterone
Inhibin:
released from gonads of both male and female
female Hormones:
Hypothalamic- pituitary- gonadal (HPG) axis
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
-released from hypothalamus which is anterior pituitary cells via hypophyseal portal system
Follicle- stimulating hormones (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Sex hormones: Estrogen and Progesterone
Inhibin:
released from gonads of both male and female