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6.2.1 Cloning and biotechnology - Coggle Diagram
6.2.1 Cloning and biotechnology
natural cloning in plants
how to take
plant cuttings
as an example of
a simple cloning technique; with reasons for each stage
methods of
vegetative propagation
for use in horticulture
artificial cloning in plants
arguments for cloning plants
how to produce artificial clones by
micropropagation
and
tissue culture
arguments against cloning plants
natural clones in animal species
examples of natural cloning, to include twins
artificial cloning in animals
how artificial clones in animals can be
produced by artificial embryo twinning?
how artificial clones in animals can be
produced by enucleation and somatic cell nuclear
transfer (SCNT)?
arguments for artificial
cloning in animals
arguments against artificial
cloning in animals
uses of animal
cloning
the use of microorganisms in biotechnological
processes
what are the benefits of using microorganisms?
brewing
baking
cheese making
yoghurt production
Penicillin production
insulin production
bioremediation
the
advantages
of using microorganisms to make food for human consumption
the
disadvantages
of using microorganisms to make food for human consumption
how to culture microorganisms effectively,
using
aseptic techniques
; what precautions do you need to take
and why?
using small pieces of tape to seal the plate
incubating plates upside down
incubating at 20-25C
how and why to use a glass spreader
serial dilutions
why do you carry out serial dilutions?
how do you calculate the concentration/ml in the original sample?
calculate the concentration of bacteria in 50ml of the original sample, if plate F was grown using a 1:10,000 dilution
label and
explain
the parts of standard growth curve
of a
microorganism in a closed culture
why might the number of bacteria be presented as a
log value
?
rewrite log10 of 4
rewrite 10,250,00 as a log10 value
industrial fermenters
label the fermenter
primary metabolites
secondary metabolites
continuous fermentation
batch fermentation
immobilised enzymes
methods of immobilisation
surface immobilisation
membrane entrapment
surface immobilisation with bonding
matrix entrapment
advantages
of using immobilised enzymes
disadvantages
of using immobilised enzymes
uses of immobilised enzymes
