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Reproduction- Cattle - Coggle Diagram
Reproduction- Cattle
Mastitis
Somatic cell count (SCC)
<200,000 - **not infected with major mastitis pathogen**. # >300,000 - probably infected #
Bulk Tank >200,000 - varying degrees of subclinical mastitis. # at 500,000 SCC- 16% of mammary quarters may be infected --> ** resulting 6% reduction in milk compared to 200,000 SCC
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Streptococcus agalactia
Rx- frequent milking, NSAIDs & antibiotics (obligatory pathogen in mammary gland--> cause subclinical mastitis--> high SCC Dx-perform aCAMP reaction (boz S.aureus & S. agalactiae lyse RBC in culture plate clearing it- to differentiate
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Coliform
same Rx as Strep. aga---> E.coli cannot prevent with post milking dips boz its a environmental contaminant & not a contagious organism
Severe acute--> absorb endotoxin (LPS) causing systemic signs. Rx- NSAID, Antibiotics, IV fluid. Serum-like secretion with clumps of fibrin
Pre-milking teat dips
only method that can prevent non-contagious organisms Enterococcus, Streptococcus spp other than S. agalactiae -
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Trueperella pyogens
mastitis with thick pus , cow not ill
Gestation
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Utrecht pattern
Better for mucosal & serosal seal --->uterus suture in C-section, exposure of suture to the serosa in minimized, --> so **adhesions of uterus surrounding structures is minimized
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Termination of pregnancy
PGF2- alpha & Dexa
use to terminate 5-8 month pregnancy, boz both CL & fetus both involve in maintaining pregnancy Placenta produce progesterone at the same time with CL
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PGF2-alpha
need to abort <4 month & last month ages fetuses. increase utero-tonic effect- increase contractility. , luteolysis --> rise of estrogen
Endometritis
involuting post partum uterus--> Rx- IU -Penicillin(after 30d) in milk- 80 hrs , tissures 12d or OTC (4 days) or Ceftiofur systemic Ceftiofur achieve adequate IU levels. # PG- given to "short cycle" cow that will aid in Rxing endometritis
post partum- normal vital parameters, appetite & milk production---but mucus & pus drain from her vulva Ceftifur have the lowest withdrawal time- so best Rx
DCAD standards
DCAD= (Na + K) - (Cl+S) given 2-3 wks prior to parturition to prevent milk fever (urine Ph - 6.2-6.8- if diet is optimal)
Metritis
occur 2wks after calving --C/S - off feed, depressed, decreased milk production & have fetid reddish-brown discharge with failure to pass the placenta
Risk factors --> retained fetal membranes, dystocia, still birth, milk fever, dirty calving environment
Abortions
Early 2nd trisemester
Neospora caninum
Definitive host- Dog & Coyotes ( pass oocytes eaten by cattle) --> 4-6 months gestation abortions calves with neurological deficits
Histo in brain- scattered foci of nonsuppurative (granulomatous) cellular infiltrates occasional foci of necrosis
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Bull
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puberty-9-11 months, Scrotal circumference -1yr old bull >30cm - better for breeding
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Uterus
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Uterine Prolapse
Rx- Epidural anaesthetics, remove attached fetal membrane--> clean & replace in normal position --> administer oxytocin- involute the uterus & expel fluids & Ca gluconate. Antibiotic- OTC- prevents metritis
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Ovulation
Cow ovulates at the end of the estrus, cows not seasonal breeders. epithelio-chorial placeta. Mare- 5 day estrus, goat/sheep/pig - 1.5-3d
Hydroallantois
is a disorder of the placenta (chorio-allantois) --> rapid accumulation of 100-200L watery, clear fluid during the last trisemester
Cow- round appearance, anorexic, decreased rumen motility, dehydration & weakness, Cannot palpate the fetus or placentomes May rupture the prepubic tendon. prognosis- guarded even with Rx, cow become infertile Rx- C section or induction of parturition
Hydramnios is a disorder of the fetus placenta normal -->gradual accumulation of thick viscous fluid during the later part of gestation-->fetus & placentomes are palpable. -----> pregnancy termed-- deformed fetus is delivered Good prognosis of fertility ---Pear shaped cow
Trichomonas foetus
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Bull becomes chronic carrier (reservoir) as he ages--> aging is associated with increased depth of epithelial crypts of bull's glans penis & prepuce (fts as a niche)
young bull- rarely infect chronically --> poor niche due to shallow penis & preputial crypts no visible sign in both gender
Hormones
Progesterone
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Estrus day 0, 21, 24 - Low progesterone--> not preganant
high Pregesterone day 0, 21, 24 --> either pregnant or persistent corpus luteum
Freemartinism
results of mixed sex twin- due to the shared circulation of chorionic blood vessels in utero --> heifers frequently show masculinized behaviour
Male fetus - antimullarian duct H & testosterone inhibit the development of female tract---> short vagina that ends blindly without communication with uterus
Cytogenetic exam--> Both XX & XY chromosome patterns in females / some bulls show XX cells, but normal conformation & external genitalia & fertile
Pyometra
few external signs of pyometra--> boz cows localised problems to the uterine lumen. Dx- PD & transrectal US scann