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top down approach - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The TDA may be useful for identifying (and subsequently apprehending) sexually-motivated murderers due to the standardised template which can be applied to such crimes
        
        The TDA has been used successfully in 17% of case, which may seem like a negligible number, however it means that the perpetrators of some very serious crimes were caught before they could harm anyone else (Holmes, 1998)
    - - The TDA is based on interview data from 36 serial killers in the 1970s which means that it lacks temporal validity and may suffer from several types of bias (e.g. social desirability bias, confirmation bias) which would damage the validity of the approach
        The TDA is not necessarily appropriate for every type of crime as its basis lies in the documenting of (mainly) sexually-motivated serial murder which means that it lacks consistency (and, by association, reliability) across crimes
- - - - These typologies help categorize offenders and guide investigations by providing insights into offender characteristics and behaviors.
      - Organized offenders exhibit evidence of planning, control, and often leave little physical evidence.
        
        High IQ, often in professional or skilled occupations.
        
        Socially competent with a circle of friends and colleagues.
        
        Likely to be in a stable relationship.
        
        May have experienced negative mental states during the crime.
        
        Aware of media coverage and may engage with authorities or media to prolong involvement in the crime.
      - Offender typologies distinguish between organized and disorganized offenders based on their modus operandi (MO) and crime scene characteristics.
      - Disorganized offenders, in contrast, show chaotic crime scenes with improvised actions and may leave abundant physical evidence.
        
        Low IQ, often in unskilled or semi-skilled occupations or unemployed.
        
        Socially incompetent with few social connections.
        
        Likely to live alone or have a troubled relationship history.
        
        Possible history of childhood abuse.
        
        Exhibit confusion, fear, and panic at the crime scene and in stressful situations.
        
        More likely to live near the crime scene.