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Goat & sheep - Coggle Diagram
Goat & sheep
toxicities
Cu toxicity
massive hemolysis & hemoglobeniemis, hemoglobinuria & renal failure
cattle hay contain more copper, liver store Cu & suddenly release causing C/S
Cyanide toxicity
blocks cellular respiration & bock oxidative transport --so Hb cannot release to tissue --> venous blood remain saturated with O2 --> bright red blood (cherry) (choke cherry)
Brassic plant toxicity
pulmonary toxicity--> cause cyanosis
Nitrate toxicity
brown blood
Pneumotoxic
Moldy sweet potatoes
Fusarium solani
produce mycotoxin
4-Ipomeanol
--> cause
Atypical interstitial pneumonia
in sheep & goat.
Perilla mint ketones
toxic intermediate damage Type 1 pneumocytes &bronchiolar epithelial cells
Brassica plants
Tryphtophan -->
3-methyl indole
similar toxic intermediate cause pnemonia
Phalaris spp (Canary grasses)
grazing grass pastures have developed staggers. stiff-legged with
rabbit-hoping rear limb gait
. Also exhibit hyperexcitability, nystagmus, & intensional head tremors.
Grass staggers
or death--> Lolium, Cynodon, Paspalum ----> Canary grasses accumulate toxic alkaloids while others harbor fungi with toxins. Sheep affected slowly recover from the offending pasture
Bracken fern toxicity
Enzootic hematuria
causes hemorragic cystitis that progress to neoplastic changes of cells within the bladder
---> severe enough to cause anemia, exercise intolerance, loss of body condition, tachypnea, tachycardia & pallor
Organophosphate toxicity
inhibit acetylcholinesterse-->
hypersalivation, incoordination, bloat
.
Rx- atropine 0r pralidoxine
.
(4-Methylpyrazole - used to Rx glycol toxicity
Lupine toxicity
CNS signs in sheep.
quinolizidine alkaloid cause CNS signs or teratoogenesis
Cattle- crooked calf. Similar nicotin-acting alkaloids includes
tobacco, Indian tobacco, tree tobacco, locoweed, Scottish broom, mountain thermopsis, poison hermlock
Rx- move to safer safer pasture
Gossypol toxicity
sudden death due to cardiomyopathy & 2ry pulmonary edema
Neuropathy caused by - organophosphate, metaldehyde, astragalus, oxytropis
Coagulopathy- bracken fern, sweet clover
Hepatopathy - fiddleneck (amsinkia), senecio or ragwort
Bacteria
Clostridium novyie
Type A
Big head
- swelling & edema around head & neck, enter through wounds from head butting from soil & feces. Rx- Penicillin, debridment, disinfection
C. novyi
Type B
Black ds
- similar to red water- heaptic involvement
Cl hemplyticum
(novy D)
Redwater
Bacillary Hburia in cattle & sheep
Mannheimia (Pasturella) hemolytica
biotype A
Blue Bag
enzootic pneumonia
- hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia in young lambs & dams
Pasturella mutocida
pneumonia & septicemia
Fusobacterium
necrotic fetid lesions in mouth & feet
Staphylococcus
cause
Blue Bag
&
artheristis
Mycoplasma mycoides spp mycoides
pleuropneumonia, mastitis, polyarthritis & meningitis
extremely lame & febrile--> swollen joints + pneumonia (sometimes) 2-4wks kids - CNS signs
Prognosis- guarded
Rx- OTC.
Contagious
sheep-->
M. ovipneumonia
--. cause pneumonia
Test milk by culturing for
Caprine or large colony type
and cull affected animals (+), boz they become carriers after treatments **PM- fibropurulent polyartheritis & interstitial pneumonia
Deficiencies
Pregnancy toxemia
last 2-4 wk gestation, (-) energy balance - reduced
oxaloacetate
to feed into citric cycle causing production of ketones
multiparous fetuses, fatty liver <--PM.
prognosis- poor
Rx - C-section, IV glucose slow drip, Vit B, Carumen transfaunation & 15-30 ml propylene glycol every 12hr + high-quality feed. Control - 1lb/head/day quality grain from mid-gestation
CNS signs- tremors, stargrazing, circling & teeth grinding, low g[lucose], high ketones (elevated free FA & beta-hydroxybutyrate) , serum- hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, Azotemia or increased BUN
Cu deficiency
1ry
low Cu intake
microcytic anemia, decreased production, faded hair, heart failure, infertility, swollen joints, gastric ulcers & diarrhoea
. less myeline formation & demyelination - progressive ascending paralysis--> incoordination, mm atrophy & weakness
2 neuro ds
1. enzootic ataxia
(1-2 months),
Swayback
( congenital or very young lambs & kids
PM-
gun metal blue Hb filled kidney
, dying acutely
hemoglobinuria, increased RR, icterus, depression, weakness
2ry
high Mb, S, Fe, Se, Zn or other factors inhibit absorption of Cu
Hypomagnesemia (Grass tetani)
lush pasture eating --> restlessness, staggers, an overt-alert appearance, excitable & aggressivenss-- severe - convulsions or die
Hereditery
Beta mannosidosis
heridetery
Anglo-Nubian goats--
Autosomal recessive
Veratrum californicum
False hellebore or corn lily--> cyclopamine teratogen
V. viridae- skunk cabbage - same teratogenic lesions---> congenital abnormalities of
cyclopia, anophthalmos, cleft palate, metacarpal hypoplasia**
Virus
Blue tongure
wide spread multisystemic vasculitis
Fever, oedema, nasal discharge, crusting around the nose, hyperemic mucous membrane, oral ulcers, pulmonary oedema, lameness ( coronits & myositis, diarrhoea, leukopenia & teratogenesis
Lambs born with
Hydraencephaly
- brain hemispheres are like swiss cheese or absent & replaced by sac filled with cerebrospinal fluid
PM- swollen edematous ears & muzzle - white streak skeletal mm
Zenkers degeneration of skeletal mm
, ecchymotic hemorrhages in LN & spleen & subendothelial hemorrhages at the base of the pulmonary aa**
transmission-
Culicoid spp
, DD- FMD,Orf, Pesti des pestis (OIE reportable
Caprine arthritis encephalomyelitis virus
Hard bag
Udder fibrosis, firm udder with agalactia Rx-NO. Subclinical ds but cause
arthritis in adult
--> Polysynovitis-arthritis in goat 6 month or older
encephalitis in kids
--> Leukoencephalomyelitis of kids 2-6 months old
Morphine
release histamine
never use Mast cell tumor pts