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PSYCH TERM 33333 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - definition:Argues that there are two systems of decision-making - System 1 is an automatic, intuitive, and effortless way of thinking. System 2 is a slower, conscious, and rational mode of thinking.
        
        Evaluation
        
        Pros:
        
        bio evidence that different brain types of thinking may be processed in diff parts of the brain
        
        The ways of selection task and other tests for cognitive biases are reliable in their results
        
        Cons:
        
        overly reductionist as it does not clearly explain how (or even if) these modes of thinking interact/how our thinking and decision making could be influenced by emotion. There are some psychologists who argue that there are actually several diff systems – not just 2
        
        Some argue that there r not 2 systems, but just a ‘continuous of reasoning’
        
        Definitions of system 1 and 2 are not always clear (e.g fast processing indicates the use of system 1 rather than system 2 processess). However, just because a processing is fast does not mean its done by system 1. experience can influence system 2 processig to go faster)>
    - - definition:
        
        The human tendency to avoid expending effort and cognitive resources when thinking and to prefer seizing on quick and easy answers to questions
        
        AKA use mental shortcuts to make decisions bc we want to save time and effort
        
        3 factors:
        
        knowledge: idk
        
        motivation: idc
        
        economy: i dont have time uwu
    - - cognitive bias: a systematic error in thinking that impacts one's choices and judgements
      - anchoring bías: an individual relies too heavily on an initial piece of information offered (known as the "anchor") when making decisions.
    - - Representative heuristic: we make a decision based on “what comes to mind”
      - Availability heuristic: relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when making a decision.
    - - definition:
        
        People use heuristics in order to determine the level of risk when the situation is unclear
        
        Describes the way ppl choose between alternatives that involve risk, where the probabilities of outcomes are known
- - - - Culture influences behavior
      - Human beings are social animals and we have a basic need to “belong”
      - Our behavior is influenced by others, even when we believe that we are acting independently
      - Social context - situational factors – plays a key role in human beha vior
      - We have both an individual and a social self
  - - - 3 processes
        
        categorization: process of organising objects and people (including ourselves) into groups.
        
        social identification: when people adapt the norms and take on the characteristics of the in-groups.
        
        Social comparison: comparing your group with others. To maintain or improve your self-esteem, your group needs to compare well with other groups.
      - Evaluation
        
        Pros
        
        ICan be used to explain why ppl help in emergencies.
        
        It has been argued that increasing one’s saliece as part of a group leads to less panic and more cooperation when responding to an emergency.
        
        SIT has also been used to explain how juries make decisions and why we may or may not conform to a group.
        
        Cons
- - - - Definition: Experiments conducted and are used to study behavior in a natural settings;
        
        Pros
        
        conducted in natural settings -> less artificiality -> higher eco validity
        
        can sometimes establish cause-and-effect RLS
        
        Cons
        
        lack of control over confounding variables -> low internal validity
    - - Definition: An experiment where a researcher manipulate an IV to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between manipulation of the iV and its effects on the DV
        
        Evaluation
        
        PROS
        
        high internal validity -> allows cause-and-effect RLS to be established
        
        controlled variables -> cause-and-effect
        
        standardized procedures -> replication -> results will be more reliable
        
        CONS
        
        lacks ecological validity
        
        risk of demand characteristics
        
        internal validity: there may be other alternative explanations for the results
    - - Definition: test the relationship (the correlation) between two variables of interest,
        
        Pros
        
        Are conducted quite easily & produce data that allows for a comparison between two variables.
        
        allow researchers to study variables that cannot be manipulated, such as gender and age differences.
        
        Cons
        
        do not show cause and effect relationships => low int validity
    - - Definition: experiments that take place under natural conditions. However, unlike field experiments, there is no manipulated IV. Instead the IV is a naturally occurring variable
        
        Differences between quasi & natural
        
        Quasi do not randomly allocate their participants to groups. Instead, participants are self-selecting, often by gender, age, or ethnicity
        
        The research does not always have full experimental control over the IV. Sometimes they do manipulate an IV and measure the effect on people according to group.
- - - - A chemical that is secreted by glands in the endocrine system
      - Is released directly into the bloodstream
      - Hormones may act as neurotransmitters and attach to post-synaptic receptor sites