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Lymphatic/Immune System Rose Bui-Luu - Period 2 - Coggle Diagram
Lymphatic/Immune System
Rose Bui-Luu - Period 2
Major Functions
Lymphatic
carry away excess tissue fluid
filtering system
Immune
defend body from infection
recognize and fight foreign bodies i.e. antigens
Lymphatic Organs
Lymph Node
neck, armpit, groin regions
filter lymph, trap foreign material i.e. bacterial + viral particles
Spleen
left-hand side of abdomen, between 9-11 ribs
help trap foreign material
remove damaged + aged erythrocytes
act as reservoir for erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
Thymus
superior surface of heart
plays key role in programming immune system to recognize "Self"
provides site for maturation of T-lymphocytes
Tonsils
back of mouth, top of throat
filters out bacteria + other germs to prevent infection in body
Peyer's Patches
ileum (distal part of small intestine)
capture foreign entities (i.e. pathogens) that penetrate intestinal epithelium
monitor commensurable bacterial population
Red Bone Marrow
central portions of flat bones + epiphyses of some larger long bones
act as major haemopoietic tissue, producing all formed elements of blood including RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
Lines of Defense
First
prevent entry of pathogen by providing physical separation of pathogen and internal tissue
skin, mucous membranes, hair, sweat
Second
nonspecific resistance; destroys invaders in a generalized way w/o targeting specific individuals
chemical barriers (i.e. enzymes, pH, salt, interferons, complement)
inflammation, NK cells, fever, phagocytosis
Third
specific resistance; eliminate specific pathogens that have been encountered by immune system previously
cellular immune response, humoral immune response
Innate vs. Adaptive Immune Defenses
Innate
nonspecific resistance
protect against many types of pathogens, "kills" anything it doesn't recognize
respond quickly
include species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, NK cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, fever
include first & second line of defense
Adaptive
specific defenses
respond against only specific types of pathogens
respond more slowly
accomplished by specialized lymphocytes, which secrete cytokines or antibiotics
include third line of defense
Humoral vs. Cellular Immune Response
Humoral
involves activation of B cells
leads to production of antibodies
defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids
aka antibody-mediated
Cells Involved: plasma cells, memory B cells, also interacts with T cells
Cellular
T cells response through cell-to-cell contact
attach directly to antigens and destroy them
activated T cells interact w/ antigen-bearing cells
Types of Cells involved: helpter T cells, cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells
Antigens vs. Antibodies
Antibody
= a protein that acts against specific antigen
aka immunoglobulin
involved in humoral immune response
Actions: direct attack, activation of complement, inflammation
Types: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
involved in both B & T cell activites
Antigen
= substance that triggers an immune system response
a "nonself" molecule that immune response is directed against
can be any large molecules (ex: proteins, food, chemicals, allergy-causing substances, etc.)
body makes inventory of "self" antigens before birth
Artificial vs. Naturally Acquired Immunity
Artificially Acquired Immunity
Active
occurs through injection/exposure to vaccines, w/o person becoming ill from disease
since vaccines contain weakened/dead pathogens, person develops long-term immunity due to immune response that includes memory B cell formation
Passive
involves injeciton of gamma globulins containing antibodies/antiserum
antibodies gathered from human or other animal
short-term immunity due to no antigen exposure, immune response, or memory B cells produced
Naturally Acquired Immunity
Active
occurs after exposure to antigen in environment (ex: getting sick from infection)
long term immunity due to primary immune response (memory B cells produced)
Passive
occurs as antibodies are pass form mother to fetus via placenta and breast milk
short-term immunity, due to lack of immune response and memory B cell formation
Passive vs. Active Immunity
Passive
obtained by receiving antibodies
since there's no antigen contact + no immune response occurs, no memory B cells are produced
short-term immunity
i.e. naturally/artificially acquired passive immunity
Active
obtained through antigen exposure
immune reponse occurs in person, in which antibodies + memory B cells are produced
long-lasting immunity
i.e. naturally/artificially acquired active immunity
Cells Involved in Immune System
T Cells
origin of undifferentiation cell = red bone marrow
site of differentiation = thymus
located in lymphatic tissues, 70-80% of circulating lymphocytes in blood
provide cellular immune response in which T cells interact directly with antigens or antigen-bearing agents to destroy them
Types
Helper T cells
stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against displayed antigen
Cytotoxic T cells
monitor body's cells, recognizing and eliminating cancer cells + virus-infected cells
activated by cytokines from helper T cells, which then increase identical cells in their clone
bind to antigen-bearing cells, release perforin, which cuts pores in cell membrane, destroying the cells
Memory T cells
provide quick response to any future exposure to same antigen, by dividing to produce large # of cytotoxic T cells
remember antigen to attack in future if same
B cells
need T cells for activation
become activated and produce a clone of cells when it encounters antigen that matches its receptors, and binds to it
some differentiate into plasma cells, which produce/secrete antibodies
Types
Memory B cells
remain dormant at time
respond to future encounters with antigen
Disorders Associated w/ Immune System
Ebola
= a virus that causes severe inflammation + tissue damage throughout the body
Causes/Risk Factors: breast milk, bedding, urine
Symptoms: sore throat, loss of appetite, unexplained hemorrhaging
Treatment Options: inmazeb, ebanga, supportive care
Mumps/Parotitis
= affect parotid glands, salivary glands through infected saliva
Causes/Risk Factors: physical contact w/ infected saliva/respiratory droplets, paramyxovirus infection
Symptoms: discomfort in salivary glands, difficulty chewing, pain in testicles
Treatment Options: vaccination during early age, gargling warm water, drinking lots of fluid
Hemorrhagic Fever
= single-stranded RNA virus that affects many systems of the body, reducing body's ability to function on its own
Causes/Risk Factors: encounter w/ infected animal/insect host, travel, handling animal carcasses
Symptoms: unexplained bleeding/bruising, skin rash, diarrhea
Treatment Options: no specific treatment, kidney dialysis, antiviral drug
African Sleeping Sickness
= sickness caused by microscopic parasites of Trypanosoma Brucei species
Causes/Risk Factors: travel to Africa, bite of tsetse fly, infection can be passed to babies of pregnant women
Symptoms: swollen lymph nodes, extreme fatigue, severe headache
Treatment Options: antiparasitic, enzyme inhibitors, early/late stage medication
Chicken Pox
= itchy skin rash on face, scalp, trunk that causes blisters
Symptoms: blotchy skin rashes, fever, blisters
Causes/Risk Factors: saliva/mucus of infected person, cancer/HIV positive, coughing, sneezing
Treatment Options: vaccination, calamine lotion, antiviral medication
Tuberculosis
= disease caused by spread of germs that mainly affects lungs
Causes/Risk Factors: infected w/ mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogen, coughing, sneezing
Symptoms: persistent cough, chest pain, shortness of breath
Treatment Options: 6-12 months of antibiotics, inhaling hemlock (past cure), cod liver (past cure)
Toxoplasmosis
= infectious disease caused by neglected parasitic infection
Causes/Risk Factors: animal to human, mother to child, foodborne
Symptoms: eye pain, stillborn child, miscarriage
Treatment Options: long treatment needed if immunosuppressed, medicine from opthamologist, medication
Scabies
= infestation of human itch mite on skin
Causes/Risk Factors: contact w/ infected person, skin-to-skin contact, contagious
Symptoms: pimple-like rash, intense itching, bumps, redness
Treatment Options: scabicide cream, prescribed medication, oral medication
Small Pox
= aka variola virus; contagious viral infection that spreads throughout body
Causes/Risk Factors: airborne saliva droplets, infected fluids, contaminated objects
Symptoms: rashes/lesions, severe fatigue, fever
Treatment Options: vaccination, antiviral drugs, eradication
Tape Worm
= parasitic infection that resides in human intestines and feeds on it
Causes/Risk Factors: consuming raw/undercooked meat, poor hygiene, lack of sanitation, living in regions w/ high risk
Symptoms: loss of appetite, diarrhea, upset stomach, nausea
Treatment Options: over the counter medication, antithetical drugs, purgative plant ingestion (past cure)
Rabbit Fever
= aka tula remia or deer fly fever; a highly infectious disease from bacterium F. talarenis
Causes/Risk Factors: bug/tick bites, animal to human, contaminated food/water
Symptoms: skin ulcers, inflamed eyes, swollen lymph nodes
Treatment Options: incubation period 3-14 days, antibiotics, see doctor immediately
Rabies
= aka Rhabdovimidae; a disease spread by animal bites/scratches that affect CNS
Causes/Risk Factors: contract w/ mucus membrane, animal bites, animal scratches
Symptoms: headache, anxiety, cardiac arrest
Treatment Options: rabies vaccine, cauterize wound (past cure), vaccinate pets
Pneumonia
= infection of lungs that cause mucus
Causes/Risk Factors: smoking, bacterial/viral infection, 65 years or older
Symptoms: shortness of breath, chest pain, low energy
Treatment Options: oxygen therapy, antibiotics, antiviral medication
Polio
= a disabling and life-threating disease caused by poliovirus
Causes/Risk Factors: contact w/ infected feces, poor hand washing, touching contaminated surfaces
Symptoms: paralysis, meningitis, stomach pain
Treatment Options: several poliovirus vaccinations available, pain relievers, physical therapy
Visceral Leishmania
= infection with leishmania parasite by hite of phlebotomine sand flies
Causes/Risk Factors: travel, exposed skin, outdoor activites after dusk
Symptoms: enlargement of spleen and liver, gray discoloration of skin, fever
Treatment Options: liposomal amphotericin, tissue specimen test, propolis extracts (past cure)