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URBANICTY - SOCIAL PSYCH EXPLANATION OF SCHIZOPHRENIA - Coggle Diagram
URBANICTY - SOCIAL PSYCH EXPLANATION OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
SOCIALCULTURAL FACTORS
Sociocultural factors refer to aspects of the society or culture in which an individual lives
Sociocultural explanations of schizophrenia have declined since the strong evidence for biological explanations
Jane Boydell et al (2004)
'to understand the causes of schizophrenia, the role of the social environment cannot be ignored... both social and biological factors need to be studied as well as their interaction'
Urban area
- towns and cities, has a high population density and small amounts of undeveloped land
Rural area
- often referred to as the ‘country’, has a low population density and large amounts of undeveloped land
AREA LEVEL FACTORS
Giggs
reported social and material resources to account for geographical variation in incidence in Nottingham
Several studies have investigated the role of social deprivation at the area level and found a significant association with the incidence of schizophrenia and non-affective psychosis
Faris and Dunham
explained their finding of higher rates of schizophrenia in inner city Chicago by decreasing levels of social disorganisation
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SZ
Krabbendam and van Os (2005)
Poverty-
levels of poverty are higher in urban areas and could result in higher levels of expressed emotions (Expressed emotion is a term used to represent quality and intensity of expression of a range of emotions within a family context)
Stress
(especially maternal stress)- research has found links between stress due to an unwanted pregnancy and the likelihood of the child suffering from schizophrenia
Substance abuse
- often higher in urban areas. Zammit et al (2002) found that in 40,000 males, cannabis use doubled the risk of schizophrenia
Ethnicity
- urban areas have more ethnic minority groups and research implies that schizophrenia is higher in ethnic minority groups
EVALUATION
Cannot be sure that living in an urban environment increases social stress of an individual
General health is normally better in an urban area due to access to healthcare, higher employment rates and educational levels
Those living in an urban area may experience higher levels of social capital- features of social life and environment that enable people to act effectively with each other
Social drift hypothesis
proposes that once diagnosed with a mental disorder, individuals demonstrate a decline in their socioeconomic status (find it difficult to maintain a job) so may move to the inner city
Pedersen and Mortensen (2001)
reported that individuals who had a high risk of psychotic disorders reduced the likelihood of developing schizophrenia if they moved to a moral rural area